Margins Study Assistant

Chapter 1

Introduction to Nutrition for Nurses

Summary

Analyzing the quantity of food intake is not sufficient; the food consumed must be nutritional Nutrition is the intake of food to meet the body’s needs. The USDA and the FDA are the federal agencies that oversee food production, labeling, and consumption. Several noninvasive body measurements are needed for a nutritional assessment: weight, BMI, and WHR

Key terms

nurse: but one member of the interdisciplinary team caring for the client
nutrition: the intake of food to meet the needs of the body
USDA and the FDA: the federal agencies that oversee food production, labeling, and consumption
food: edible substances made of protein, carbohydrates, fat, or other nutrients
vulnerable population: a group of people whose health is negatively impacted by nonmedical factors
health literacy: how much a person obtains, processes, and understands basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
integrative nutrition: combines medical nutritional therapy with functional medicine and other disciplines to provide education and guidance for a personalized diet based on whole foods and lifestyle…

Chapter 2

A Holistic View of Macronutrients

Read chapter 2 in the book

Summary

Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water are essential for all body systems Carbohydrates provide easily metabolized sugars contributed by grains, legumes, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables Protein is critical to cell development; complete proteins (providing all of the essential amino acids) are regularly needed. Helping clients manipulate proper energy intake while maintaining dietary recommendations and satisfying personal tastes requires a basic understanding of nutrition

Key terms

carbohydrates: large food category that includes starches, cellulose, and sugars
whole foods: foods that have been processed or refined as little as possible and are free from additives and other artificial substances
glucose: simple monosaccharide that is an important energy source and is found in carbohydrates
glycemic load: method of indicating the amount of carbohydrate contained in a specified serving of a particular food and its impact on blood glucose
polypeptides: linear organic molecules consisting of many amino acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part or all of a protein
amino acid pool: molecules of essential and nonessential amino acids regulated by the liver and available for use by the body
triglycerides: compounds formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups; the main constituents of natural fats and oils

Chapter 3

A Holistic View of Micronutrients

Read chapter 3 in the book

Summary

High doses of water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine, although fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the tissues. High doses of fat-soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity and even death Coenzyme and antioxidant properties are critical functions of vitamins and minerals Nutrition facts food labels and MyPlate can assist in choosing foods high in vitamins and minerals

Key terms

fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins that are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver
antioxidant: artificial or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage
coenzyme: a non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to speed up a cellular reaction
vitamins: nutrients the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy
toxicity: side effects from taking large doses of supplements or medications
water-soluble vitamins: vitamins that dissolve in water
oxidation: a chemical reaction in which a “healthy” molecule loses or is robbed of one of its electrons, producing an unhealthy free radical
free radicals: a type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism

Chapter 4

The Digestive Process

Read chapter 4 in the book

Summary

The nurse’s role is to educate the client on the proper dietary practices that will help maintain gut homeostasis and to evaluate steps the client can take to prevent gut issues when they must take medications that can… While physical assessment of the client is required, the nurse should also obtain a history of the client’s dietary practices, dietary intolerances or allergies, typical eating and bowel patterns, changes in normal… Digestive organs ingest, digest, and absorb the food that is taken into the body to convert it to usable energy The gastrointestinal system contains the upper gastrointestinal system (mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum), the lower gastrointestinal system (small intestine, large…

Key terms

client: required, the nurse should also obtain a history of the client’s dietary practices, dietary intolerances or allergies, typical eating and bowel patterns, changes in norma
homeostasis: a balanced state in the body that allows for proper function
fistula: a condition in which two body parts are abnormally connected
cholecystokinin: a hormone produced by the small intestine that triggers the pancreas and gallbladder to contract when fats and proteins enter
digestion: the breakdown of solid food that includes both mechanical and chemical actions to form smaller, more absorbable substances in the body’s gastrointestinal tract
succussion splash: a sloshing or splashing sound heard on auscultation of the abdomen due to excessive fluid remaining in the stomach

Chapter 5

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Neurological Wellness

Read chapter 5 in the book

Summary

The brain is composed of 60% fat, and the remaining 40% is made up of water, carbohydrates, protein, and various salts The brain is responsible for all essential activities of the body but cannot store energy Diet modifications can support brain health in individuals of all ages The nurse plays a critical role across the spectrum of care by assessing clients’ dietary habits to improve neurologic health

Key terms

brain: composed of 60% fat, and the remaining 40% is made up of water, carbohydrates, protein, and various salts
amyloids: proteins that tend to accumulate in clusters that are insoluble; amyloid proteins are associated with a number of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease
neuromuscular junctions: locations at the terminal end of motor nerves, where action potential impulses are conducted to various muscles
sympathetic nervous system: a division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the body’s “fight or flight” response
polyphenols: micronutrients that have health-promoting properties and are present in many fruits and vegetables
cerebral autoregulation: the inherent ability of blood vessels in the cerebrum to maintain homeostatic cerebral blood flow despite a wide range of changes in mean arterial pressure
efferent: carrying outward or away; in reference to the nervous system, transmitting impulses from the central nervous system outward to peripheral organs to initiate an active response or…
neuroplasticity: the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections

Chapter 6

Special Nutritional Considerations for Neurological Health

Read chapter 6 in the book

Summary

For proper functioning of the neurologic system, specific nutrients are required across the client’s lifespan The health of the client and fetus is optimized by ensuring that the client consumes adequate protein and has a diet is rich in micronutrients including vitamins A, B 9 (folate), B 12 (cobalamin), D, E, and K as well… Specific nutrients for infants, children, and adolescents offer optimal neural development The nutrient needs for adults change with the aging process; ensuring adequate intake of key macronutrients and micronutrients prevents cognitive decline

Key terms

anticonvulsants: medications used to prevent or treat epileptic seizures; many anticonvulsants are also used to treat certain psychiatric conditions
Coenzyme Q10: a nutrient that the body produces and can be found in many foods; CoQ10 facilitates the conversion of food to energy and is a powerful antioxidant that can promote health in…
gangliosides: glycosphingolipids that are highly available in a healthy nervous system and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain
hippocampus: a brain structure located just below the ventricles of the brain that is a focal point for emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system
homocysteine: an amino acid that can be found in meat; high levels are associated with the development of heart and neurologic conditions
ketogenic diet: a diet that is high in fat with adequate protein and low in carbohydrates to produce ketosis; has been used successfully to treat certain neurologic conditions, such as pediatric…
Mediterranean diet: a diet that emphasizes foods that are plant based and contain healthy fats, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and olive oil as the main source of fat
hepatotoxicity: injury to the liver, or impaired liver function, due to the exposure to certain drugs, food additives, alcohol, solvents, some plants, and other environmental toxins

Chapter 7

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Endocrine Wellness

Read chapter 7 in the book

Summary

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating many bodily functions. Proper nutrition is essential for its optimal functioning of the endocrine system. Assessing client nutrition from a holistic perspective is necessary to address not only physical needs, but psychological, social, and cultural needs as well Accordingly, endocrine disorders can manifest themselves through a wide range of signs and symptoms

Key terms

holistic perspective: necessary to address not only physical needs, but psychological, social, and cultural needs as well
endocrine system: a network of glands that regulate and control all body processes through hormones
secondary endocrine disorders: develop when the pituitary gland is either overstimulated or understimulated by the hypothalamus causing an alteration in the peripheral gland’s function
type 1 diabetes: develops when insulin producing cells (beta cells) are destroyed in the pancreas resulting in low to non-existent levels of insulin
hormones: body substances that coordinate biological functions like metabolism, sexual reproduction, blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, growth and development, and sleeping
Addison’s disease: inadequate secretion of hormones by the adrenal glands causing low blood pressure, weakness, and skin discoloration
T3: triiodothyronine hormones released by the thyroid gland to help regulate weight, energy levels, and metabolism
T4: tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) long-acting hormone released by the thyroid gland that can be converted to T3

Chapter 8

Special Nutritional Considerations for Endocrine Health

Read chapter 8 in the book

Summary

Pregnancy-related conditions that can impact the pregnant client’s nutrition and affect the fetus include hyperemesis gravidarum and gestational diabetes Appropriate nutrition and a properly functioning endocrine system are essential for growth and development through puberty for children and adolescents Nutrition plays a fundamental role in human growth and development, beginning in utero and extending throughout the lifespan During adulthood, the endocrine system works to maintain homeostasis but eventually begins to exhibit age-related declines.

Key terms

gestational diabetes: a disorder that produces glucose intolerance during pregnancy as the result of dysfunction or delayed response of the beta cells to blood glucose
puberty: a stage of development in which sexual maturation and reproduction capabilities refine and mature
hyperemesis gravidarum: a condition during pregnancy characterized by extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting
properly functioning endocrine system: essential for growth and development through puberty for children and adolescents
malnutrition: occurs when the body either does not receive sufficient nutrients or is unable to absorb essential nutrients, resulting in body composition changes and impaired functions
type 1 diabetes: insulin-dependent diabetes; develops when insulin producing cells (beta cells) are destroyed in the pancreas, resulting in low to non-existent levels of insulin
acromegaly: a disorder that results in overgrowth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to abnormally high levels of growth hormone
glycemic index: a system that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods on a scale from 1 to 100 based on their ability to raise blood sugar levels quickly or significantly

Chapter 9

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Hematologic Wellness

Read chapter 9 in the book

Summary

Iron deficiency anemia, characterized by low hemoglobin concentration and microcytic red blood cells, is the most common nutritional blood disorder in young children, pregnant women, and older adults Nutrient-related hematologic disorders include vitamin B 12 deficiency, vitamins C, K, and D deficiency, and folate deficiency Delays in diagnosing excessive or deficient nutritional intake can lead to hematologic abnormalities resulting in life-threatening conditions. Accurate assessment of the client’s nutritional status with early intervention gives clients the best chance for recovery

Key terms

macrocytic anemia: anemia that is marked by abnormally large red blood cells. Example: Folate and vitamin B 12 deficient anemia
microcytic anemia: anemia that is marked by abnormally small red blood cells. Example: Iron-deficient anemia
Transtheoretical Model (TTM): an integrative model of behavior change that assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a healthier behavior and that provides strategies, or processes of change, to guide the…
pica: craving and chewing substances with no nutritional value such as ice, dirt, clay, and paper

Chapter 10

Special Nutritional Considerations for Hematologic Health

Read chapter 10 in the book

Summary

Individuals with SCD and thalassemia are more prone to micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies related to hyperreactive hematopoiesis, the physiologic response to chronic anemia Common vitamin and mineral deficiencies that impact hematologic wellness across the lifespan include deficiencies of iron, vitamin B 12 , folate, and vitamins A, C, D, and K Anemia affects approximately 1.8 billion individuals worldwide, most often affecting young children, pregnant individuals, and older adults Non-Hispanic Black pregnant clients have the highest prevalence of IDA, particularly during their third trimester of pregnancy

Key terms

thalassemia: an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body
hematopoiesis: the formation of blood cellular components
functional iron deficiency: a state in which iron is insufficiently incorporated into erythroid precursors even though body iron stores are apparently adequate
multiple myeloma: a blood cancer affecting plasma cells that are found in the bone marrow; abnormal plasma cells multiply rapidly, crowd out normal blood-producing cells, and produce an abnormal…
passive immunity: a type of immunity conferred when a person is given antibodies rather than making them via their own immune system
oxidative stress: disturbance in the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidant defenses
sickle cell disease: an inherited red blood cell disorder affecting the shape of hemoglobin, resulting in blocked blood flow

Chapter 11

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Cardiovascular Wellness

Read chapter 11 in the book

Summary

The nurse should assess the cardiovascular system, a life-sustaining system in the body containing the heart and blood vessels, by checking both the mechanical (physical) function and the electrical function of the… If the electrical conduction of the heart is not working properly, the mechanical function will not work at all The biggest dietary considerations in the health of the cardiovascular system include cholesterol, potassium, trans fats, saturated fats, sugars, magnesium, calcium, and sodium Dietary changes need to be implemented with healthy lifestyle changes to see adequate outcomes from nutritional plans

Key terms

cardiovascular system: a system within the body that includes the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, lymphatic vessels, and glands that moves blood and lymph through the body
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): a recording of a heart’s electrical activity in which electrodes are placed on the chest to capture signals
atrioventricular (AV) node: a second node in the heart that creates a delay in the electrical impulse from the SA node to the bundle of His to allow time for ventricular filling
hypoalbuminemia: a condition where the body does not produce enough albumin, a protein that keeps fluids in blood vessels
telemetry: the measurement of a heart’s ECG through a portable device that automatically transmits to a monitor
pulseless electrical activity (PEA): electrical conduction throughout the heart without physical movement of the heart muscle
bundle of His: a bundle of conducting fibers that branch to each ventricle of the heart

Chapter 12

Special Nutritional Considerations for Cardiovascular Health

Read chapter 12 in the book

Summary

As a person ages, it is important to have routine checkups which include monitoring cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining a healthy heart through the lifespan and is important for overall health Physical activity, at least 150 min weekly, is an important aspect of all stages of life Childhood dietary habits can impact adult health, so it is important to establish habits like eating whole grains, vegetables and fruits, utilizing low-fat or non-fat dairy foods, and selecting fish and lean meats, as…

Key terms

triglycerides: fatty substance circulating in the cardiovascular system
lipids: fatty acids insoluble in water; lipids in the blood are LDL, HDL, and triglycerides
uteroplacental: transfer of oxygen and nutrients from client to fetus through umbilical cord and placenta
heart failure: inability of heart to pump blood effectively to keep up with body demands
transient ischemic attack (TIA): temporary loss of oxygen to cerebral tissue without permanent damage
myocardial infarction: death of heart muscle due to lack of blood flow and oxygen
angina: chest pain caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart
plaque: fatty deposits of cholesterol on inner lining of artery

Chapter 13

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Pulmonary Wellness

Read chapter 13 in the book

Summary

Nutrition is a key factor in promoting pulmonary wellness and supporting the function of the pulmonary system A systematic approach to assessment, physical exam, diagnostic tests, and nutritional intervention is essential in supporting the nutritional needs of clients with pulmonary disease Dietary choices including high protein, complex carbs, and healthy fats give nutritional support to clients and provide a mechanism for improved function despite chronic respiratory conditions Any nutritional implementation by the client will likely have barriers or challenges.

Key terms

ventilation: the movement of atmospheric air that is higher in oxygen into the lungs and removal of carbon dioxide
orthopnea: shortness of breath that occurs when lying down and is relieved by sitting up
percussion: a systematic tapping over the intercostal spaces, moving through the anterior, lateral, and posterior thorax
pack-years: the number of cigarettes or other smoke packs smoked per day multiplied by number of years smoked
respiratory diffusion: occurs when gases move down the concentration gradient across the alveolar sacs and capillaries
gas exchange: oxygen being transported to the cells and carbon dioxide being transported away from the cells
auscultation: listening with a stethoscope for normal breath sounds, abnormal sounds, and voice sounds
Mallampati score: an airway assessment scale to classify the visibility of the oropharyngeal structures

Chapter 14

Special Nutritional Considerations for Pulmonary Health

Read chapter 14 in the book

Summary

The diminished respiratory capacity among clients with COPD can limit the amount of food they are able to eat, placing them at high risk for nutritional deficiencies Consuming a nutrient-rich diet boosts the immune system and helps prevent respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. Nutrition plays a vital role in the growth, development, and maintenance of the pulmonary system throughout the lifespan. Starting in utero, maternal malnutrition can limit alveolarization and pulmonary vascular development in the fetus

Key terms

pneumonia: a condition that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection, chronic pulmonary diseases, ventilator use, or aspiration; pneumonia can lead to chronic…
amount of food they: able to eat, placing them at high risk for nutritional deficiencies
asthma: a chronic disease process clinically characterized by recurrent inflammation and airway narrowing, limiting gas exchange in the lungs
pulmonary embolism: a thrombus that becomes dislodged and travels to the lungs, preventing the natural flow of blood within the pulmonary artery or its branches
respiratory tract infections (RTI): microorganisms that infect the upper and lower respiratory tract and lead to symptoms such as fever, sore throat, cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and myalgia
free radicals: compounds that take part in the cellular destruction mechanism of phagocytosis through macrophages and granulocytes
rhinitis: inflammation that causes symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and postnasal drip
chronic bronchitis: when the airway lining experiences too much inflammation, leading to increased mucus production

Chapter 15

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Renal Wellness

Read chapter 15 in the book

Summary

The renal system comprises the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra, with the kidneys being the primary organs The kidneys filter blood and remove serum wastes, balance fluids, maintain blood pressure, maintain acid-base balance, and excrete wastes. The kidneys also reabsorb certain products including glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, water, phosphate, chloride, sodium, magnesium, and potassium ions Engagement is considered an essential pillar for successful health management because barriers to following the nutritional plan are more likely to be identified.

Key terms

urinary bladder: a hollow organ posterior to the symphysis pubis that acts as a storage reservoir for urine before excretion
ureters: two hollow tube-like ducts that allows passage of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
urethra: the hollow tube-like duct that allows urine passage from the bladder to the outside of the body
kidneys: a pair of bean-shaped organs that filter out blood wastes and excrete urine
nutritional plan: more likely to be identified
renal bone dysplasia: a life-threatening condition in which the body breaks down the bones to increase blood calcium levels by releasing the calcium stored in bones
adrenal gland: the small glands sitting on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone
glomerulus: a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule that filters waste products from the blood

Chapter 16

Special Nutritional Considerations for Renal Health

Read chapter 16 in the book

Summary

Nutrition plays a large role in the developmental process of every organ in the body, including the renal system The importance of nutrition for the renal system starts in utero and continues throughout the individual’s entire lifespan Normal nutritional needs are altered when renal or urologic alterations exist Nutrition plays an extremely important role in promoting quality and length of life in clients with chronic renal illnesses

Key terms

cystinuria: a rare genetic condition in which nephrolithiasis are made from cystine
dialysis: purification of blood through means other than the kidneys
oligohydramnios: very low to almost absent amniotic fluid, which may be related to impaired or absent kidney function in the fetus
chronic kidney disease: a progressive disease of the kidneys that eventually ends in kidney failure
enuresis: bladder incontinence after the age of 3 years
hyperoxaluria: elevated amounts of oxalate in the urine
cysteine: an amino acid that contains sulfur
dyspareunia: painful sexual intercourse

Chapter 17

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Gastrointestinal Wellness

Read chapter 17 in the book

Summary

The gastrointestinal system has four main functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolization The duodenum is the site for iron absorption and some vitamin B 9 (folate) absorption, but the major site for vitamin B 9 absorption is the jejunum The large intestine has three main functions in digestion overall: absorption of the remaining water and electrolytes, absorption and production of vitamins, and formation and movement of feces to the rectum for… The small intestine handles 90% of nutrient and water absorption

Key terms

duodenum: the site for iron absorption and some vitamin B 9 (folate) absorption, but the major site for vitamin B 9 absorption is the jejunum
digestion: the process by which the body breaks down what is ingested into absorbable substances
ingestion: the taking in of substances into the body through swallowing or transdermal absorption
absorption: the taking in of broken-down substances into the cells
xerosis: extreme dryness of skin or tissue; in corneal xerosis, the cornea may appear hazy
metabolism: the chemical processes in the body that convert absorbed substances to energy
koilonychia: soft nails with a concave indentation, making them appear “scooped out”
mastication: digestion of food using mostly mechanical and some chemical processes

Chapter 18

Special Nutritional Considerations for Gastrointestinal Health

Read chapter 18 in the book

Summary

Prebiotic and probiotic foods are essential for everyone because they support the gut microbiome Supporting the gut microbiome is one of the most important ways to promote gastrointestinal health Gastrointestinal system health starts before birth with the microbiome of the pregnant client Individuals with chronic gastrointestinal illness have increased malabsorption risks and requirements

Key terms

microbiome: a collection of microorganisms that reside in the body, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract
malabsorption: a digestive disorder that causes the body not to absorb nutrients from food effectively
probiotic: foods that contain live microorganisms intended to maintain “good” gut bacteria
prebiotic: nondigestible substances that stimulate growth of “good” gut bacteria
gut microbiome: one of the most important ways to promote gastrointestinal health
galactosemia: a genetic disorder in which the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme is missing or does not function properly
necrotizing enterocolitis: a gastrointestinal tract disease in which the intestinal lining becomes inflamed, dies, and is sloughed off
diverticulitis: inflammation of diverticula, which are bulging pouches that can form along the intestines

Chapter 19

Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Wellness

Read chapter 19 in the book

Summary

Within the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems, nutrition affects a person’s immune system, inflammatory response, level of edema, bone formation, bone health, fracture healing, wound healing, and hair and nail… Nurse assessment and screening tests for the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems are essential for the overall success of client care Client teaching, including nutritional meal planning, is important to the overall care of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems The musculoskeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues and muscles

Key terms

integumentary system: the body system that includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerves on the skin
musculoskeletal system: the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues and muscles
musculoskeletal and integumentary systems: essential for the overall success of client care
hirsutism: an abundance of hair in places where hair is normally scarce or absent
basal ganglia: a part of the brain that starts and coordinate movements; diseases of the cells leading into the basal ganglia include Parkinson’s disease that results in tremors
muscle tone: a measure of a muscle’s resistance to stretching while in a passive resting state
crepitus: a grating sound produced by friction between bone and cartilage or bone and bone
autoimmune disorder: occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue

Chapter 20

Special Nutritional Considerations for Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Health

Read chapter 20 in the book

Summary

Temporary declines in bone density occur during lactation, and progressive declines occur as part of the hormonal changes related to menopause Bisphosphonates are a class of medications used to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions Clients who are pregnant should consume the recommended daily amounts of calcium and vitamin D to support fetal skeletal development Infants who are breastfed should receive 400 IU vitamin D daily to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and promote healthy skeletal growth

Key terms

menopause: a shift in hormones in a middle adult woman’s life that results in physiologic changes, including cessation of the menstrual cycle
bisphosphonates: medications commonly used to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions
fluoride: an important mineral for bone health; it stimulates new bone formation and inhibits the formation and progression of cavities
FRAX assessment: a standardized assessment used to estimate a person’s risk for a bone fracture within 10 years
standardized nutritional risk assessment tool: a research-based tool used to assess clients’ nutritional status
sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle mass