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Contents - Lessons & Practice

Humanities

Introduction to Philosophy

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Introduction to Philosophy

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Introduction to Philosophy

12 lessons

One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Philosophy, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

  1. 1Introduction to PhilosophyParticularly in Greece, the sage tradition blends into a period of natural philosophy, where ancient scientists or philosophers try to explain nature using rational methods
  2. 2Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and WritingThe relationship between mind and brain is one of the central problems of metaphysics, known as the “mind-body problem.” The mind-body problem is the problem of understanding the relationship between the organic gray…
  3. 3The Early History of Philosophy around the WorldIn Greek, this movement is described as a move from mythos to logos, where mythos signifies the supernatural stories we tell, while logos signifies the rational, logical, and scientific stories we tell.
  4. 4The Emergence of Classical PhilosophyThe presentist approach to the history of philosophy examines philosophical texts for the arguments they contain and judges whether their conclusions remain relevant for philosophical concerns today.
  5. 5Logic and ReasoningThere are laws of logic—the law of noncontradiction and the law of the excluded middle.
  6. 6MetaphysicsThere are different answers to the question “What is the self?” The Judeo-Christian view tends to posit the “really real,” or the true self, in terms of a soul.
  7. 7EpistemologyTraditional epistemology focuses on propositional knowledge, which is knowledge of facts or statements.
  8. 8Value TheoryThe naturalistic fallacy is an error in reasoning that assumes we can derive values (what we ought to do) from facts about the world (what is the case).
  9. 9Normative Moral TheoryIt is commonly divided into three main areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics, each of which is distinguished by a different level of inquiry.
  10. 10Applied EthicsImportant contemporary ethical issues in bioethics include abortion, euthanasia, and clinical trials.
  11. 11Political PhilosophyIn Plato’s imagined city, the most just city is one in which each member of society occupies the social role they are the best equipped for based on their talents.
  12. 12Contemporary Philosophies and Social TheoriesEnlightenment thinkers proposed that human reason, coupled with empirical study of the physical world, would lead to progress—the advancement of science and the improvement of the human condition.