There are laws of logic—the law of noncontradiction and the law of the excluded middle. Arguments are reasons offered in support of a conclusion.

Logic is the study of reasoning and is a key tool for discovering truth in philosophy and other disciplines. Early forms of arguments are evident in written dialogues.

Conclusion — the result of an argument. A conclusion is that which is meant to be proved by the reasoning and premises used in an argument. Contradiction — a statement that is always false. A contradiction is the conjunction of any statement and its negation. Law of the excluded middle — a logical law that states that for any statement, either that statement or its negation is true. Law of noncontradiction — a logical law that states that contradictory statements/propositions can never be true in the same sense at the same time.