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One lesson for each chapter of Algebra 1, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

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2. 2Preparing for SuccessUse the information in this section to support and elevate your academic journey.
3. 3Unit 1 Overview and ReadinessA solution of an equation is a value of a variable that makes a true statement when substituted into the equation.
4. 41.1 Exploring Expressions and EquationsThe big thing you learned is that an equation is a statement that an expression has the same value as another expression.
5. 51.2 Writing Equations to Model Relationships, Part 1You will be asked to evaluate the percentage of a number mentally.
6. 61.3 Writing Equations to Model Relationships, Part 2The two quantities, x and y , are related
7. 71.4 Equations and Their SolutionsFor a value to be a solution to an equation, it must make the equation true
8. 81.5 Equations and Their GraphsA is the only graph that intersects the vertical axis at 0 (or that starts at the origin)
9. 91.6 Equivalent EquationsTell whether two expressions are equivalent and explain why or why not
10. 101.7 Explaining Steps for Rewriting EquationsIllustrate that dividing by a variable is not used in solving equations because it can lead to equations that have fewer solutions than the original equation
11. 111.8 Choosing the Correct Variable to Solve For, Part 1You also wrote an equation in the most useful form that would be needed to find specific information
12. 121.9 Choosing the Correct Variable to Solve For, Part 2You then rearranged the equation to find the number of cars and number of trucks that could be in the shipment
13. 131.10 Connecting Equations to Graphs, Part 1You then worked on solving the equations for y and recognized where the slope and y -intercept are located in the new equations
14. 141.11 Connecting Equations to Graphs, Part 2Take an equation of the form a x + b y = c and rearrange it into the equivalent form y = m x + b
15. 151.12 Writing the Equation of a LineYou also worked to find the slope and y -intercept from a graph to then write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form
16. 161.13 Lines from Tables and GraphsFor questions 1 - 3, write the equation of
17. 171.14 Writing Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular LinesUsing the slope and a point, you wrote equations in point-slope form and slope-intercept form
18. 181.15 Direct VariationSet up and solve direct variation problems
19. 19Project 1: Slopes and InterceptsIn this culminating project, you will integrate ideas from the unit.
20. 20Unit 2 Overview and ReadinessWe connect the points with a straight line to get the graph of the equation.
21. 212.1 Writing and Graphing Systems of EquationsRefer to two equations as a system of equations
22. 222.2 Writing Systems of EquationsThis summer, the Farmer’s Almanac is calling for very high temperatures in central Texas.
23. 232.3 Solving Systems by SubstitutionYou determined whether a given graph could represent a specific system of equations using your knowledge of horizontal and vertical lines and the slopes and intercepts of those lines
24. 242.4 Solving Systems by Elimination, Part 1Demonstrate that adding or subtracting equations in a system creates a new equation, where one of the solutions to this equation is the solution to the system
25. 252.5 Solving Systems by Elimination, Part 2By determining that the equation was still true, you discovered that adding equivalent values to each side of an equation maintains its truth
26. 262.6 Solving Systems by Elimination, Part 3Then you created new equations by multiplying any of the original equations by the same number.
27. 272.7 Systems of Linear Equations and Their SolutionsWhen solving by graphing, the graphs of the equations are the same line.
28. 282.8 Representing Situations with InequalitiesYou also explored the value that is at the boundary of an inequality and consider whether it is or isn't a solution to an inequality
29. 292.9 Solutions to InequalitiesYou know that an open circle is used to represent < and > , while a closed circle represents ≤ and ≥
30. 302.10 Writing and Solving Inequalities in One VariableHe plans to buy some prepared dishes from a supermarket
31. 312.11 Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two VariablesThe boundary between the two regions is the graph of an equation that is related to the inequality
32. 322.12 Using Linear Inequalities as ConstraintsThis prepared you to write linear inequalities that represent constraints in situations and graphing the solution regions
33. 332.13 Solving Problems with Inequalities in Two VariablesConnect the different representations and interpret them in terms of the situation, when given inequalities, graphs, and descriptions that represent the constraints in a situation
34. 342.14 Solutions to Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two VariablesYou recalled that a solution to a linear equation in two variables is any pair of numbers that makes the equation true, and that a solution to a system of two equations in two variables is a pair of numbers that makes…
35. 352.15 Solving Problems with Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two VariablesMaking comparisons prompted you to think about the solutions to the equations, inequalities, or systems that were represented.
36. 36Project 2: Modeling with Systems of Inequalities in Two VariablesStep 1 - Examine the following nutrition information for some trail mix ingredients
37. 37Unit 3 Overview and ReadinessA scatter plot is a graph of numerical data with two variables.
38. 383.1 Linear ModelsDraw a linear model that fits the data well and use the linear model to estimate values
39. 393.2 Fitting LinesThe solid line is the better fit for the data since it goes through the middle of the data and follows the negative trend of the data with very few points a far distance from the line of best fit
40. 403.3 ResidualsA residual is the difference between the actual y -value for a point and the expected y -value for the point on the linear model with the same associated x -value
41. 413.4 The Correlation CoefficientA doesn’t belong because it is the only scatter plot with data that fit a line well and are increasing
42. 423.5 Using the Correlation CoefficientYou thought about whether there would be a strong correlation or not as well as whether the relationship was a positive or negative correlation
43. 433.6 Causal RelationshipsYou began to recognize that some variables may be related, but one does not always cause the other to change.
44. 44Project 3: Two-Variable StatisticsCollect data, create a linear model to fit the data, determine if the linear model is a good fit, and use the information from my linear model to answer questions
45. 45Inquiry Project: Defining FunctionsAccess the interactive simulator to begin this project
46. 46Unit 4 Overview and ReadinessThe slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y and the change in x .
47. 474.1 Describing and Graphing SituationsA customer at a bagel shop is buying 13 bagels.
48. 484.2 Function NotationEach graph represents the distance of a dog from a post as a function of time since the dog owner left to purchase something from a store.
49. 494.3 Interpreting Using Function NotationThe output value at f(4) is greater than the output value at f(0) because at 4 seconds the drone is 4 meters off the ground while at 0 seconds, the drone is on the ground (0 meters)
50. 504.4 Using Function Notation to Describe Rules, Part 1You also compared output values when the same input was entered into different equations
51. 514.5 Using Function Notation to Describe Rules, Part 2Be able to identify if a graph represents a function through the vertical line test
52. 524.6 Features of GraphsYou completed mathematical statements and found the value of variables by reading the information from a graph
53. 534.7 Finding SlopeRecall that the slope of a line is the rate of change of the linear function.
54. 544.8 Using Graphs to Find Average Rate of ChangeEstimate or calculate the average rate of change between two points from the graph of a function
55. 554.9 Interpreting and Creating GraphsVocabulary words from prior lessons, such as “maximum,” “minimum,” “increasing,“ and “decreasing,” were used to review and to describe the graphs
56. 564.10 Comparing GraphsMake sense of an equation of the form f ( x ) = g ( x ) in terms of a situation and a graph, and know how to find the solutions
57. 574.11 Graphing a Function Using TransformationsThe constant term is different in each equation
58. 584.12 Domain and Range, Part 1You noticed the reasonableness of an input depends on the situation’s context
59. 594.13 Domain and Range, Part 2You then determined the domain and range when you were given more information about the graphs
60. 604.14 SequencesYou then thought of another rule for the sequence and gave a different list of the next 3 terms
61. 614.15 Introducing Geometric SequencesThe first two sequences are increasing, and the second two are decreasing
62. 624.16 Introducing Arithmetic SequencesConsider the function f given by f ( n ) = 3 n - 7 .
63. 634.17 Representing SequencesAn arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term is the previous term plus a constant
64. 644.18 The nᵗʰ Term of a SequenceIt is possible to use them interchangeably
65. 65Project 4: Using Functions to Model Battery PowerFor questions 1 - 2 , use the following prompt and image
66. 66Unit 5 Overview and ReadinessYou can also do the reverse—identify the slope and y -intercept and use them to find the equation of the line
67. 675.1 Properties of ExponentsTo simplify, the exponential terms are added and the same base is kept.
68. 685.2 Rational ExponentsNotice that the root and exponents are the same and simplify to leave the integer only
69. 695.3 Patterns of GrowthBegin making connections between linear and exponential growth and the real world (especially financially)
70. 705.4 Representing Exponential GrowthYou looked at patterns in exponents to determine the value of zero as an exponent and applied the basic rules of exponents with zero
71. 715.5 Representing Exponential DecayKnow the meanings of “exponential growth” and “exponential decay.”
72. 725.6 Negative Exponents and Scientific NotationYou used the Product Property of Exponents to simplify the expressions
73. 735.7 Analyzing GraphsThe numbers were written in both decimal and fraction form, and you may have noticed different patterns in each format
74. 745.8 Exponential Situations as FunctionsInterpreting the graph in terms of the context helped prepare you for your work with functions in the rest of the unit
75. 755.9 Interpreting Exponential FunctionsLin and Diego are discussing two expressions: x 2 and 2 x
76. 765.10 Looking at Rates of ChangeIn particular, the focus for this activity was on how exponential functions have different rates of change for different input intervals, which is not the case for linear functions
77. 775.11 Modeling Exponential BehaviorYou became more comfortable with the fact that the data are not exactly exponential and with choosing different ways for deciding on an appropriate exponential decay factor
78. 785.12 Reasoning about Exponential Graphs, Part 1She continues spending a third of what is left each week thereafter
79. 795.13 Reasoning about Exponential Graphs, Part 2F is the only one that doubles when n increases by 1
80. 805.14 Which One Changes Faster?You also had to justify your response and decide what information would make it easier to determine if the graph was linear or exponential
81. 815.15 Changes Over Equal IntervalsFor each given expression, write an equivalent expression with as few terms as possible
82. 82Project 5: Introduction to Exponential FunctionsUse the following prompt and table to answer questions 1 - 7
83. 83Unit 6 Overview and ReadinessThe exponent 4 means there are 4 factors of y
84. 84Unit 6 Inquiry Project: Area Model MultiplicationAccess the interactive simulator to begin this project
85. 856.1 Add and Subtract PolynomialsMonomials, binomials, and trinomials are all different types of polynomials.
86. 866.2 Multiplying PolynomialsMultiplying a polynomial by a monomial is done by applying the Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
87. 876.3 Dividing PolynomialsDivide polynomials using synthetic division
88. 886.4 Greatest Common Factor and Factor by GroupingThis is an important skill used in factoring polynomials later in the lesson
89. 896.5 Factor TrinomialsYou also learned some tricks to help determine the factors of a trinomial, such as when the middle term is negative and the last term is positive, the signs in the binomial factors must both be negative.
90. 906.6 Factor Special ProductsIdentify which of the polynomials is a perfect square trinomial
91. 916.7 General Strategy for Factoring PolynomialsYou created sample polynomials that would fit into each strategy
92. 92Project 6: Polynomials and RectanglesComplete the table with the length, width, and area of each rectangle.
93. 93Unit 7 Overview and ReadinessThe first term in the result is the product of the first terms in each binomial
94. 947.1 Patterns of ChangeThe x -values are 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 in all three tables
95. 957.2 Introduction to Quadratic RelationshipsTell whether a pattern is growing linearly, exponentially, or quadratically
96. 967.3 Determining if a Function is QuadraticKnow that, in a pattern of shapes, the step number is the input and the number of squares is the output
97. 977.4 Comparing Quadratic and Exponential FunctionsIn each pattern, the number of small squares is a function of the step number, n
98. 987.5 Building Quadratic Functions to Describe Situations, Part 1The big thing you learned is that the discovered patterns help determine the function rule
99. 997.6 Building Quadratic Functions to Describe Situations, Part 2The big lesson was that adding a quadratic term to a linear function has an effect of “bending” the graph, as the output values are no longer changing at a constant rate
100. 1007.7 Domain, Range, Vertex, and Zeros of Quadratic FunctionsChoose a domain that makes sense in a revenue situation
101. 1017.8 Equivalent Quadratic ExpressionsRewrite quadratic expressions in different forms by using an area diagram or the distributive property
102. 1027.9 Standard Form and Factored FormThe sum of the partial products are x 2 + - x + 1 or x 2 - 2 x + 1
103. 1037.10 Graphs of Functions in Standard and Factored FormsYou then made observations about how the graphs and forms are related in helping identify intercepts
104. 1047.11 Graphing from the Factored FormYou used this function to complete a table and determine the x -intercepts and vertex of the graph of the function
105. 1057.12 Graphing the Standard Form, Part 1Proactive people don’t accept the world as it is or wait for direction from others to initiate change.
106. 1067.13 Graphing the Standard Form, Part 2In the right column, one of the factors is just a variable whose coefficient is 1 or -1, and the other factor is either a sum or a difference
107. 1077.14 Graphs That Represent SituationsThe height, in inches, of a frog's jump is modeled by the equation h ( t ) = 60 t - 75 t 2 , where the time t , after the frog jumps, is measured in seconds
108. 1087.15 Vertex FormThe expressions are in standard form, factored form, and one other form
109. 1097.16 Graphing from the Vertex FormYou graphed the vertex and two other points to complete the graph
110. 1107.17 Changing the VertexThe value of g is always 4 greater than the value of f , no matter which value of x we choose
111. 111Project 7: Design a FountainIn this culminating project, you will integrate ideas from the unit by designing a fountain with given criteria.
112. 112Unit 8 Overview and ReadinessWrite Equivalent Expressions: Mini-Lesson Review
113. 1138.1 Finding Unknown InputsA mechanical device is used to launch a potato vertically into the air.
114. 1148.2 When and Why Do We Write Quadratic Equations?A strategy such as this might be difficult to use when the solutions are harder to find
115. 1158.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by ReasoningWhat 8.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by Reasoning asks you to know.
116. 1168.4 Solving Quadratic Equations with the Zero Product PropertyDetermine which of the statements are true if g · h = 0 .
117. 1178.5 How Many Solutions?This includes not taking the square root of a negative number and accurately determining how many solutions an equation might have
118. 1188.6 Rewriting Quadratic Expressions in Factored Form, Part 1The top shape is a square measuring 8 in.
119. 1198.7 Rewriting Quadratic Expressions in Factored Form, Part 2This built a foundation for understanding how to find the factored forms of different quadratic expressions
120. 1208.8 Rewriting Quadratic Expressions in Factored Form, Part 3Rewrite a quadratic expression of the form x 2 - c into its factored form
121. 1218.9 Solving Quadratic Equations by Using Factored FormRearrange a quadratic equation to be written as expression in factored form = 0 and find the solutions
122. 1228.10 Rewriting Quadratic Expressions in Factored Form, Part 4Being able to recognize detailed aspects of these expressions helps provide a better understanding that is useful when solving by factoring
123. 1238.11 Writing Quadratic Equations Given Real SolutionsWrite the quadratic function f ( x ) = x 2 - 9 x + 20 in factored form
124. 1248.12 Using Technology to Find the Quadratic RegressionMake predictions about a real-world situation using a quadratic data set
125. 125Project 8: Modeling Rocket FlightThe goal of each round is to write the quadratic expression as it has been given to your partner.
126. 126Unit 9 Overview and ReadinessIf a n and b n are real numbers, and n ≥ 2 is an integer, then
127. 1279.1 What Are Perfect Squares?One method involved taking the square root of both sides of the equation.
128. 1289.2 Completing the Square, Part 1Explain how you know the expressions you selected are perfect squares
129. 1299.3 Completing the Square, Part 2Completing the square can be used to solve quadratic equations
130. 1309.4 Completing the Square, Part 3Complete the square for quadratic expressions of the form a x 2 + b x + c when a is not 1 and explain the process
131. 1319.5 Quadratic Equations with Irrational SolutionsYou graphed the equations to find the approximate solutions using a graphing calculator
132. 1329.6 The Quadratic FormulaEvaluate the expressions and find the two numbers
133. 1339.7 Applying the Quadratic FormulaThe correct answers are 2 and 8: - ( - 5 ) + 9 = 5 + 3 = 8 and - ( - 5 ) - 9 = 5 - 3 = 2
134. 1349.8 Deriving the Quadratic FormulaOne way to solve the quadratic equation x 2 + 5 x + 3 = 0 is by completing the square .
135. 1359.9 Writing Quadratics in Different FormsA ball is thrown upward from the top of a 40 foot high building at a speed of 80 feet per second.
136. 1369.10 Rewriting Quadratic Expressions in Vertex FormWhen given a quadratic expression in factored form, rewrite it in standard form
137. 1379.11 Using Quadratic Expressions in Vertex Form to Solve ProblemsF ( 1 ) can be expressed in words as "the value of f when x is 1." Find or compute
138. 138Project 9: Using Quadratic Equations to Model Situations and Solve ProblemsA Linear Function and a Quadratic Function
139. 139Productive Struggle“Failure” gets an undeserved bad reputation in education.
140. 140Cooperative Learning and Productive DiscourseMeaningful learning that can transfer to new contexts is more likely to occur in classrooms with rich classroom discourse.
141. 141Motivation in the ClassroomThere is a scourge of what can be called “false growth mindsets” among educators.
142. 142MetacognitionSpaced retrieval practice is the process of distributing many, short sessions of learning over a longer period of time, as opposed to cramming fewer, longer sessions of learning over a shorter period of time.
143. 143Multimedia Learning PrincipleThat said, it turns out the notion of “learning styles” is not actually supported by research, and in fact a large body of work suggests that everybody learns better through a combination of words and pictures.
144. 144Course DesignStudents are asked to consider what happens when a pattern is generated from a specific value that is repeatedly added or subtracted (linear).

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One lesson for each chapter of Algebra and Trigonometry 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1PrerequisitesThe rational numbers and irrational numbers make up the set of real numbers..
2. 2Equations and InequalitiesWe can locate, or plot, points in the Cartesian coordinate system using ordered pairs, which are defined as displacement from the x- axis and displacement from the y- axis
3. 3FunctionsA function is a specific type of relation in which each domain value, or input, leads to exactly one range value, or output
4. 4Linear FunctionsAn increasing linear function results in a graph that slants upward from left to right and has a positive slope.
5. 5Polynomial and Rational FunctionsA polynomial function of degree two is called a quadratic function
6. 6Exponential and Logarithmic FunctionsAn exponential function is defined as a function with a positive constant other than 1 raised to a variable exponent
7. 7The Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine FunctionsIn addition to degrees, the measure of an angle can be described in radians
8. 8Periodic FunctionsPeriodic functions repeat after a given value.
9. 9Trigonometric Identities and EquationsThere are multiple ways to represent a trigonometric expression.
10. 10Further Applications of TrigonometryThe Law of Sines can be used to solve oblique triangles, which are non-right triangles
11. 11Systems of Equations and InequalitiesA system of linear equations consists of two or more equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously
12. 12Analytic GeometryWhen given the coordinates of the foci and vertices of an ellipse, we can write the equation of the ellipse in standard form
13. 13Sequences, Probability, and Counting TheoryExplicit formulas define each term of a sequence using the position of the term

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One lesson for each chapter of Calculus Volume 1, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Functions and GraphsThe power function f ( x ) = x n is an even function if n is even and n ≠ 0 , and it is an odd function if n is odd
2. 2LimitsDifferential calculus arose from trying to solve the problem of determining the slope of a line tangent to a curve at a point.
3. 3DerivativesThe slope of the tangent line to a curve measures the instantaneous rate of change of a curve.
4. 4Applications of DerivativesTo solve a related rates problem, first draw a picture that illustrates the relationship between the two or more related quantities that are changing with respect to time
5. 5IntegrationRiemann sums allow for much flexibility in choosing the set of points { x i * } at which the function is evaluated, often with an eye to obtaining a lower sum or an upper sum
6. 6Applications of IntegrationUsing the slicing method, we can find a volume by integrating the cross-sectional area

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One lesson for each chapter of Calculus Volume 2, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1IntegrationRiemann sums allow for much flexibility in choosing the set of points { x i * } at which the function is evaluated, often with an eye to obtaining a lower sum or an upper sum
2. 2Applications of IntegrationUsing the slicing method, we can find a volume by integrating the cross-sectional area
3. 3Techniques of IntegrationIntegration by parts applies to both definite and indefinite integrals
4. 4Introduction to Differential EquationsA differential equation coupled with an initial value is called an initial-value problem.
5. 5Sequences and SeriesGiven the infinite series ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ⋯ ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ⋯ and the corresponding sequence of partial sums { S k } where S k = ∑ n = 1 k a n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ⋯ + a k , S k = ∑ n…
6. 6Power SeriesFor a power series centered at x = a , one of the following three properties hold: The power series converges only at x = a .
7. 7Parametric Equations and Polar CoordinatesParametric equations can describe complicated curves that are difficult or perhaps impossible to describe using rectangular coordinates

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One lesson for each chapter of Calculus Volume 3, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Parametric Equations and Polar CoordinatesParametric equations can describe complicated curves that are difficult or perhaps impossible to describe using rectangular coordinates
2. 2Vectors in SpaceWe can add vectors by using the parallelogram method or the triangle method to find the sum.
3. 3Vector-Valued FunctionsTo calculate the limit of a vector-valued function, calculate the limits of the component functions separately
4. 4Differentiation of Functions of Several VariablesThe graph of a function of two variables is a surface in ℝ 3 and can be studied using level curves and vertical traces
5. 5Multiple IntegrationWe can use Fubini’s theorem to write and evaluate a double integral as an iterated integral
6. 6Vector CalculusA vector field F is called conservative if there exists a scalar function f such that ∇ f = F
7. 7Second-Order Differential EquationsTo solve a nonhomogeneous linear second-order differential equation, first find the general solution to the complementary equation, then find a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous equation

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One lesson for each chapter of College Algebra 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1PrerequisitesThe rational numbers and irrational numbers make up the set of real numbers..
2. 2Equations and InequalitiesWe can locate, or plot, points in the Cartesian coordinate system using ordered pairs, which are defined as displacement from the x- axis and displacement from the y- axis
3. 3FunctionsA function is a specific type of relation in which each domain value, or input, leads to exactly one range value, or output
4. 4Linear FunctionsAn increasing linear function results in a graph that slants upward from left to right and has a positive slope.
5. 5Polynomial and Rational FunctionsA polynomial function of degree two is called a quadratic function
6. 6Exponential and Logarithmic FunctionsAn exponential function is defined as a function with a positive constant other than 1 raised to a variable exponent
7. 7Systems of Equations and InequalitiesA system of linear equations consists of two or more equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously
8. 8Analytic GeometryWhen given the coordinates of the foci and vertices of an ellipse, we can write the equation of the ellipse in standard form
9. 9Sequences, Probability, and Counting TheoryExplicit formulas define each term of a sequence using the position of the term

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One lesson for each chapter of College Algebra 2e with Corequisite Support, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1PrerequisitesThe rational numbers and irrational numbers make up the set of real numbers..
2. 2Equations and InequalitiesWe can locate, or plot, points in the Cartesian coordinate system using ordered pairs, which are defined as displacement from the x- axis and displacement from the y- axis
3. 3FunctionsA function is a specific type of relation in which each domain value, or input, leads to exactly one range value, or output
4. 4Linear FunctionsAn increasing linear function results in a graph that slants upward from left to right and has a positive slope.
5. 5Polynomial and Rational FunctionsA polynomial function of degree two is called a quadratic function
6. 6Exponential and Logarithmic FunctionsAn exponential function is defined as a function with a positive constant other than 1 raised to a variable exponent
7. 7Systems of Equations and InequalitiesA system of linear equations consists of two or more equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously
8. 8Analytic GeometryWhen given the coordinates of the foci and vertices of an ellipse, we can write the equation of the ellipse in standard form
9. 9Sequences, Probability, and Counting TheoryExplicit formulas define each term of a sequence using the position of the term

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One lesson for each chapter, from sets through math and art. Read it, then open the same chapter in the book.

1. 1SetsA set is a collection whose membership you can decide.
2. 2LogicA statement is a sentence that is true or false, and a conditional fails in only one case.
3. 3Number theoryPrimes, factors, and the two number systems you will keep meeting.
4. 4Number representationA number and the marks used to write it are different things.
5. 5AlgebraThis chapter is the algebra the rest of the book actually uses.
6. 6Money managementSimple interest stays on the original principal. Compound interest pays interest on interest.
7. 7ProbabilityA probability is a number from 0 to 1. The complement is whatever is left.
8. 8Describing dataAn outlier pulls the mean and barely moves the median.
9. 9Metric measurementInside one kind of measure, the metric system moves by powers of ten.
10. 10GeometryAngles in a triangle add to 180°, and a right triangle obeys a² + b² = c².
11. 11Voting and apportionmentThe same ballots can name different winners under different rules.
12. 12Graph theoryThe degrees of a graph add up to twice the number of edges.
13. 13Math and artThe Fibonacci sequence adds the two previous terms, and a tessellation covers the plane with no gaps.

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One lesson for each chapter of Elementary Algebra 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1FoundationsPut commas in the number to separate the periods
2. 2Solving Linear Equations and InequalitiesTo Determine Whether a Number is a Solution to an Equation Step 1.
3. 3Math ModelsMake sure all the words and ideas are understood
4. 4GraphsSolution of a Linear Equation An ordered pair ( x , y ) is a solution of the linear equation A x + B y = C , if the equation is a true statement when the x - and y - values of the ordered pair are substituted into the…
5. 5Systems of Linear EquationsTo solve a system of linear equations by graphing Step 1.
6. 6PolynomialsMonomial —A polynomial with exactly one term is called a monomial
7. 7FactoringFinding the Greatest Common Factor (GCF): To find the GCF of two expressions: Step 1.
8. 8Rational Expressions and EquationsSimplified Rational Expression A rational expression is considered simplified if there are no common factors in its numerator and denominator
9. 9Roots and RadicalsIf a n is a real number and n ≥ 2 , a 1 n = a n
10. 10Quadratic EquationsSquare Root Property If x 2 = k , and k ≥ 0 , then x = k or x = - k

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One lesson for each chapter of Intermediate Algebra 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1FoundationsHow to find the prime factorization of a composite number.
2. 2Solving Linear EquationsHow to determine whether a number is a solution to an equation Step 1.
3. 3Graphs and FunctionsGraph of a Linear Equation: The graph of a linear equation A x + B y = C is a straight line.
4. 4Systems of Linear EquationsHow to solve a system of linear equations by graphing.
5. 5Polynomials and Polynomial FunctionsDegree of a Polynomial The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of its variables
6. 6FactoringHow to find the greatest common factor (GCF) of two expressions.
7. 7Rational Expressions and FunctionsOpposites in a Rational Expression The opposite of a - b is b - a .
8. 8Roots and RadicalsProperties of a n When n is an even number and a ≥ 0 , then a n is a real number
9. 9Quadratic Equations and FunctionsBinomial Squares Pattern If a and b are real numbers,
10. 10Exponential and Logarithmic FunctionsInverse of a Function Defined by Ordered Pairs: If f ( x ) is a one-to-one function whose ordered pairs are of the form ( x , y ) , then its inverse function f -1 ( x ) is the set of ordered pairs ( y , x )
11. 11ConicsCircle: A circle is all points in a plane that are a fixed distance from a fixed point in the plane.
12. 12Sequences, Series and Binomial TheoremGeneral Term ( n th term) of an Arithmetic Sequence The general term of an arithmetic sequence with first term a 1 and the common difference d is a n = a 1 + ( n - 1 ) d

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One lesson for each chapter of Introductory Business Statistics 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Sampling and DataAfter you have studied probability and probability distributions, you will use formal methods for drawing conclusions from "good" data.
2. 2Descriptive StatisticsOne simple graph, the stem-and-leaf graph or stemplot , comes from the field of exploratory data analysis.
3. 3Probability TopicsIf A and B are any two mutually exclusive events, then P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B)
4. 4Discrete Random VariablesThe probability p of a success is the same for any trial (so the probability q = 1 - p of a failure is the same for any trial)
5. 5Continuous Random VariablesAgain with the Poisson distribution in Random Discrete Variables , the graph in Example 4.15 used boxes to represent the probability of specific values of the random variable.
6. 6The Normal DistributionThe standard normal distribution is a normal distribution of standardized values called z -scores .
7. 7The Central Limit TheoremEach sample mean is then treated like a single observation of this new distribution, the sampling distribution.
8. 8Confidence IntervalsInformation that is known about the distribution (for example, known standard deviation),
9. 9Hypothesis Testing with One SampleInformation that is known about the distribution (for example, known standard deviation)
10. 10Hypothesis Testing with Two SamplesThe comparison of two independent population means is very common and provides a way to test the hypothesis that the two groups differ from each other.
11. 11The Chi-Square DistributionFor the χ 2 distribution, the population mean is μ = df and the population standard deviation is σ = 2 ( d f )
12. 12F Distribution and One-Way ANOVAThe test statistic for analysis of variance is the F -ratio
13. 13Linear Regression and CorrelationThe type of data described in the examples above and for any model of cause and effect is bivariate data — "bi" for two variables.

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One lesson for each chapter, from sampling through ANOVA. The algebra is the same algebra you just practiced.

1. 1Sampling and dataA parameter describes the population. A statistic describes the sample.
2. 2Descriptive statisticsPicture the sample before you infer anything, and let the median resist outliers.
3. 3Probability topicsSubtract the overlap, and multiply only when the events are independent.
4. 4Discrete random variablesA binomial count has mean np. The trials are independent, and the success probability stays put.
5. 5Continuous random variablesProbability is area. A single exact value has no width, so its probability is 0.
6. 6The normal distributionA z-score counts standard deviations from the mean.
7. 7The central limit theoremA sample mean varies less than a single observation, and the drop is σ / √n.
8. 8Confidence intervalsThe percent names the method, not the chance that this finished interval contains the parameter.
9. 9Hypothesis testing with one sampleReject the null when the p-value is at most α. A large p-value is not proof that the null is true.
10. 10Hypothesis testing with two samplesMatched pairs are analyzed as one sample of differences.
11. 11The chi-square distributionCompare observed counts with expected counts. The test is right-tailed.
12. 12Linear regression and correlationr measures a straight-line association. It does not, by itself, show cause.
13. 13One-way ANOVACompare three or more means in one test. The null says they are all equal.

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One lesson for each chapter of Prealgebra 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Whole NumbersAll digits to the left of that place value do not change unless the given place value is a 9, in which case it may.
2. 2The Language of AlgebraThe expression of a n is read a to the n th power
3. 3IntegersAddition of Positive and Negative Integers 5 + 3 -5 + ( -3 ) both positive, sum positive both negative, sum negative When the signs are the same, the counters would be all the same color, so add them.
4. 4FractionsProper and Improper Fractions The fraction a b is a proper fraction if a < b and an improper fraction if a ≥ b
5. 5DecimalsName the “number” part to the right of the decimal point as if it were a whole number
6. 6PercentsFind the percent increase as a percent of the original amount
7. 7The Properties of Real NumbersIdentity Properties Identity Property of Addition: For any real number a : a + 0 = a 0 + a = a 0 is the additive identity
8. 8Solving Linear EquationsSimplify the expressions on both sides of the equation
9. 9Math Models and GeometryMake sure you understand all the words and ideas.
10. 10PolynomialsMultiplying a Trinomial by a Binomial: To multiply a trinomial by a binomial, use the: Distributive Property
11. 11GraphsSign Patterns of the Quadrants Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV ( x , y ) (+,+) (-,+) (-,-) (+,-)

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One lesson for each chapter of Precalculus 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1FunctionsA function is a specific type of relation in which each domain value, or input, leads to exactly one range value, or output
2. 2Linear FunctionsAn increasing linear function results in a graph that slants upward from left to right and has a positive slope
3. 3Polynomial and Rational FunctionsTo plot a complex number, we use two number lines, crossed to form the complex plane.
4. 4Exponential and Logarithmic FunctionsAn exponential function is defined as a function with a positive constant other than 1 raised to a variable exponent
5. 5Trigonometric FunctionsIn addition to degrees, the measure of an angle can be described in radians
6. 6Periodic FunctionsPeriodic functions repeat after a given value.
7. 7Trigonometric Identities and EquationsThere are multiple ways to represent a trigonometric expression.
8. 8Further Applications of TrigonometryThe Law of Sines can be used to solve oblique triangles, which are non-right triangles
9. 9Systems of Equations and InequalitiesA system of linear equations consists of two or more equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously
10. 10Analytic GeometryWhen given the coordinates of the foci and vertices of an ellipse, we can write the equation of the ellipse in standard form
11. 11Sequences, Probability and Counting TheoryExplicit formulas define each term of a sequence using the position of the term
12. 12Introduction to CalculusA two-sided limit exists if the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit of a function are the same.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Data Science, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1What Are Data and Data Science?Data science is a field of study that investigates how to collect, manage, and analyze data of all types in order to retrieve meaningful information.
2. 2Collecting and Preparing DataThe gathered data is crucial for making sound interpretations and gaining meaningful insights.
3. 3Descriptive Statistics: Statistical Measurements and Probability DistributionsThese measures can help indicate where the bulk of the data is concentrated and are often called the data’s central tendency .
4. 4Inferential Statistics and Regression AnalysisData scientists interested in inferring the value of a population truth or parameter such as a population mean or a population proportion turn to inferential statistics.
5. 5Time Series and ForecastingTime series analysis allows for the examination of data points collected or recorded at specific time intervals, enabling the identification of trends, patterns, and seasonal variations crucial for making informed…
6. 6Decision-Making Using Machine Learning BasicsA machine learning (ML) model is a mathematical and computational model that attempts to find a relationship between input variables and output (response) variables of a dataset.
7. 7Deep Learning and AI BasicsThe goal of neural networks is for a computer algorithm to be able to classify these digits as well as a human
8. 8Ethics Throughout the Data Science CycleData collection is an essential practice in many fields, and those performing the data collection are responsible for adhering to the highest ethical standards so that the best interest of every any party affected by…
9. 9Visualizing DataUnivariate data includes observations or measurements on a single characteristic or attribute, and the data need to be converted in a structured format that is suitable for analysis and visualization.
10. 10Reporting ResultsSuch comprehensive reporting not only builds trust with the project team, but also contributes to the advancement of knowledge by enabling peer review and constructive feedback.

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One lesson for each chapter of Statistics, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Sampling and DataThe science of statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data .
2. 2Descriptive StatisticsEach data point in one data set is matched with exactly one point from the other set
3. 3Probability TopicsProbability is a measure that is associated with how certain we are of results, or outcomes, of a particular activity.
4. 4Discrete Random VariablesThe probability p of a success is the same for any trial (so the probability q = 1 - p of a failure is the same for any trial)
5. 5Continuous Random VariablesSince the maximum probability is one, the maximum area is also one.
6. 6The Normal DistributionThe standardized normal distribution is a type of normal distribution, with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.
7. 7The Central Limit TheoremThe sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution as n , the sample size , increases
8. 8Confidence IntervalsInformation that is known about the distribution (for example, known standard deviation), and
9. 9Hypothesis Testing with One SampleA bell-shaped continuous random variable X , with center at the mean value ( μ ) and distance from the center to the inflection points of the bell curve given by the standard deviation ( σ ) We write X ~ N ( μ , σ ) .
10. 10Hypothesis Testing with Two SamplesThe domain of the random variable (RV) is not necessarily a numerical set; the domain may be expressed in words; for example, if X = hair color, then the domain is {black, blond, gray, green, orange}
11. 11The Chi-Square DistributionFor the χ 2 distribution, the population mean is μ = df , and the population standard deviation is σ = 2 ( d f )
12. 12Linear Regression and CorrelationThe variable x is the independent variable ; y is the dependent variable .
13. 13F Distribution and One-way AnovaThe test statistic for analysis of variance is the F ratio

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One lesson for each chapter of Additive Manufacturing Essentials, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Fundamentals of Additive ManufacturingAM is akin to a family of children where each child is a different age and they are not all maturing at the same rate but eventually, they will become strong contributors to society.
2. 2Core AM Technologies and Supporting ProcessesThe most common processes are vat-based processes, powder processes, liquid addition processes, molten material processes, and solid material processes.
3. 3AM MaterialsIt is clear that there are many materials available for AM, but in the larger world of engineered materials used in final applications, only a few dozen materials are regularly deployed for long-use AM components.
4. 4Design for Additive ManufacturingMfAM of parts is a common transition when a company is working to leverage all the benefits of AM.
5. 5CertificationAs we now begin to cover qualification, it is important to keep in mind that the primary goal of qualification is demonstrating that the production system (factory, personnel, AM machines, post-processing, feedstock…
6. 6Additive Manufacturing QualificationQualification in additive manufacturing (AM) ensures that machines, facilities, personnel, and feedstock meet stringent requirements for consistent, reliable production.
7. 7The Additive Manufacturing Digital ThreadCertainly as you continue on the journey of understanding and applying the lessons of this textbook, keeping in mind the AM digital thread is an important element to further enhance your ability to leverage the…
8. 8The Business of Additive ManufacturingHumans have carved things out of rock and wood, or formed parts from metal for centuries.

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One lesson for each chapter of Anatomy and Physiology 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1An Introduction to the Human BodyHuman anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures.
2. 2The Chemical Level of OrganizationAn object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same.
3. 3The Cellular Level of OrganizationThe phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic—or “water loving.” A hydrophilic molecule (or region of a molecule) is one that is attracted to water.
4. 4The Tissue Level of OrganizationThe term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body.
5. 5The Integumentary SystemThe epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.
6. 6Bone Tissue and the Skeletal SystemThe skeletal system is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following critical functions for the human body
7. 7Axial SkeletonThe lower portion of the skeleton is specialized for stability during walking or running.
8. 8The Appendicular SkeletonThis consists of two bones, the scapula and clavicle ( Figure 8.3 ).
9. 9JointsA joint , also called an articulation , is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate with each other) to form a connection.
10. 10Muscle TissueThis occurs in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) after specific binding sites on the actin have been exposed in response to the interaction between calcium ions (Ca ++ ) and proteins (troponin and tropomyosin)…
11. 11The Muscular SystemTo lift a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is actually the prime mover; however, because it can be assisted by the brachialis, the brachialis is called a synergist in this action ( Figure 11.2 ).
12. 12The Nervous System and Nervous TissueThe central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is everything else ( Figure 12.2 ).
13. 13Anatomy of the Nervous SystemMany structures that appear to be adjacent in the adult brain are not connected, and the connections that exist may seem arbitrary.
14. 14The Somatic Nervous SystemDescribing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction.
15. 15The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division .
16. 16The Neurological ExamThe first of these is the mental status exam , which assesses the higher cognitive functions such as memory, orientation, and language.
17. 17The Endocrine SystemIn the human body, two major organ systems participate in relatively “long distance” communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
18. 18The Cardiovascular System: BloodThe cellular elements—referred to as the formed elements —include red blood cells (RBCs) , white blood cells (WBCs) , and cell fragments called platelets .
19. 19The Cardiovascular System: The HeartRelate the structure of the heart to its function as a pump
20. 20The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and CirculationEventually, the smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels that exit capillaries to form venules…
21. 21The Lymphatic and Immune SystemThe lymphatic system, for most people, is associated with the immune system to such a degree that the two systems are virtually indistinguishable.
22. 22The Respiratory SystemFunctionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone.
23. 23The Digestive SystemThe function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body.
24. 24Metabolism and NutritionIf the net energy change is positive (catabolic reactions release more energy than the anabolic reactions use), then the body stores the excess energy by building fat molecules for long-term storage.
25. 25The Urinary SystemThe glomerulus is the first part of the nephron, which then continues as a highly specialized tubular structure responsible for creating the final urine composition.
26. 26Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base BalanceThe dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes.
27. 27The Reproductive SystemAt fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an ovum.
28. 28Development and InheritanceFertilization occurs when a sperm and an oocyte (egg) combine and their nuclei fuse.

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One lesson for each chapter of Astronomy 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Science and the Universe: A Brief TourIt is also humanity’s attempt to organize what we learn into a clear history of the universe, from the instant of its birth in the Big Bang to the present moment.
2. 2Observing the Sky: The Birth of AstronomyThe Sun’s annual path on the celestial sphere is the ecliptic—a line that runs through the center of the zodiac, which is the 18-degree-wide strip of the sky within which we always find the Moon and planets.
3. 3Orbits and GravityAngular momentum is a measure of the motion of a spinning or revolving object and depends on its mass, velocity, and distance from the point around which it revolves.
4. 4Earth, Moon, and SkyAn analogous celestial coordinate system is called right ascension (RA) and declination, with 0° of declination starting at the vernal equinox.
5. 5Radiation and SpectraThe electromagnetic spectrum consists of gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared, and radio radiation.
6. 6Astronomical InstrumentsThe light-gathering power of a telescope is determined by the diameter of its aperture, or opening—that is, by the area of its largest or primary lens or mirror.
7. 7Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar SystemThe planets can be divided into two groups: the inner terrestrial planets and the outer giant planets.
8. 8Earth as a PlanetOur planet’s geology is dominated by plate tectonics, in which crustal plates move slowly in response to mantle convection.
9. 9Cratered WorldsThe Moon’s heavily cratered highlands are made of rocks more than 4 billion years old.
10. 10Earthlike Planets: Venus and MarsVenus, the nearest planet, is a great disappointment through the telescope because of its impenetrable cloud cover.
11. 11The Giant PlanetsThe outer solar system contains the four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
12. 12Rings, Moons, and PlutoThe four jovian planets are accompanied by impressive systems of moons and rings.
13. 13Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar SystemThe rocky ones are generally called asteroids.
14. 14Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar SystemMeteorites are called finds or falls according to how they are discovered; the most productive source today is the Antarctic ice cap.
15. 15The Sun: A Garden-Variety StarIn order of increasing distance from the center of the Sun, they are the photosphere, with a temperature that ranges from 4500 K to about 6800 K; the chromosphere, with a typical temperature of 10 4 K; the transition…
16. 16The Sun: A Nuclear PowerhouseSolar energy is produced by interactions of particles—that is, protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos.
17. 17Analyzing StarlightThe apparent brightnesses of stars are often expressed in terms of magnitudes, which is an old system based on how human vision interprets relative light intensity
18. 18The Stars: A Celestial CensusMost of the nearest stars are intrinsically so faint that they can be seen only with the aid of a telescope.
19. 19Celestial DistancesHalf the shift in a nearby star’s position relative to very distant background stars, as viewed from opposite sides of Earth’s orbit, is called the parallax of that star and is a measure of its distance.
20. 20Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in SpaceAbout 1% of the interstellar matter is in the form of solid interstellar dust grains
21. 21The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar SystemThe accumulation of material halts when a protostar develops a strong stellar wind, leading to jets of material being observed coming from the star.
22. 22Stars from Adolescence to Old AgeWhen stars first begin to fuse hydrogen to helium, they lie on the zero-age main sequence.
23. 23The Death of StarsIf the mass of a star’s iron core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit (but is less than 3 M Sun ), the core collapses until its density exceeds that of an atomic nucleus, forming a neutron star with a typical diameter of…
24. 24Black Holes and Curved SpacetimeEinstein proposed the equivalence principle as the foundation of the general theory of relativity.
25. 25The Milky Way GalaxyThe Milky Way Galaxy consists of a thin disk containing dust, gas, and young and old stars; a spherical halo containing populations of very old stars, including RR Lyrae variable stars and globular star clusters; a…
26. 26GalaxiesThe majority of bright galaxies are either spirals or ellipticals.
27. 27Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black HolesThe redshifts of the underlying galaxies match the redshifts of the quasars embedded in their centers, thereby proving that quasars obey the Hubble law and are at the great distances implied by their redshifts.
28. 28The Evolution and Distribution of GalaxiesThe color of a galaxy is an indicator of the age of the stars that populate it.
29. 29The Big BangCosmology is the study of the organization and evolution of the universe.
30. 30Life in the UniverseLife on Earth is based on the presence of a key unit known as an organic molecule, a molecule that contains carbon, especially complex hydrocarbons.

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One lesson for each chapter of Biology 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Study of LifeThe main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge.
2. 2The Chemical Foundation of LifeAtoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
3. 3Biological MacromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules—large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.
4. 4Cell StructureAll prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA that is not membrane-bound.
5. 5Structure and Function of Plasma MembranesModern scientists refer to the plasma membrane as the fluid mosaic model.
6. 6MetabolismGlucose synthesis and glucose breakdown are examples of anabolic and catabolic pathways, respectively
7. 7Cellular RespirationThe two processes of ATP regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the process of chemiosmosis
8. 8PhotosynthesisOnly certain organisms (photoautotrophs), can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that absorbs certain wavelengths of the visible spectrum and can capture energy from…
9. 9Cell CommunicationSignaling cells secrete ligands that bind to target cells and initiate a chain of events within the target cell.
10. 10Cell ReproductionHuman gametes have 23 chromosomes, or one complete set of chromosomes; a set of chromosomes is complete with either one of the sex chromosomes, X or Y.
11. 11Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionIn most organisms, fertilization occurs between two haploid cells, the larger being called “female” or “egg” and the smaller being called “male” or “sperm." In most animals, meiosis is used to produce haploid eggs and…
12. 12Mendel's Experiments and HeredityWhen the offspring in Mendel’s experiment were self-crossed, the F 2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully…
13. 13Modern Understandings of InheritanceDisorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable.
14. 14DNA Structure and FunctionAvery, MacLeod, and McCarty showed that DNA is required for the transformation of bacteria.
15. 15Genes and ProteinsThe genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three nonsense codons.
16. 16Gene ExpressionGene expression in prokaryotes is mostly regulated at the transcriptional level (some epigenetic and post-translational regulation is also present), whereas in eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated at the…
17. 17Biotechnology and GenomicsMedical professionals perform genetic testing to identify disease-causing genes, and use gene therapy to cure an inheritable disease
18. 18Evolution and the Origin of SpeciesEvolution is the process of adaptation through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift which allows more desirable characteristics to pass to the next generation.
19. 19The Evolution of PopulationsThe modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the cohesion of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity, along with the more modern study of population genetics.
20. 20Phylogenies and the History of LifeHistorically, scientists organized organisms into a taxonomic classification system.
21. 21VirusesViruses consist of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid with or without an outer lipid envelope.
22. 22Prokaryotes: Bacteria and ArchaeaDuring the first two billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live.
23. 23ProtistsThe oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old.
24. 24FungiFungi can be unicellular as yeasts, or develop a network of filaments called a mycelium, which is often described as mold.
25. 25Seedless PlantsCharophytes form sporopollenin and precursors of lignin, phragmoplasts, and have flagellated sperm.
26. 26Seed PlantsIn the gymnosperms, which appeared during the drier Permian period and became the dominant group during the Triassic, pollen was dispersed by wind, and their naked seeds developed in the sporophylls of a strobilus.
27. 27Introduction to Animal DiversityA class of transcriptional control genes called Hox genes directs the organization of the major animal body plans, and these genes are strongly homologous across the animal kingdom
28. 28InvertebratesThe mouth is surrounded by tentacles that contain large numbers of cnidocytes—specialized cells bearing nematocysts used for stinging and capturing prey as well as discouraging predators.
29. 29VertebratesChordata contains two clades of invertebrates: Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets), together with the vertebrates in the Vertebrata/Craniata.
30. 30Plant Form and PhysiologyA plant is composed of two main types of tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
31. 31Soil and Plant NutritionInorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution.
32. 32Plant ReproductionAll complete flowers contain four whorls: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
33. 33The Animal Body: Basic Form and FunctionThe four primary tissues are epithelia, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissues
34. 34Animal Nutrition and the Digestive SystemRuminants that consume large amounts of plant material have a multi-chambered stomach that digests roughage.
35. 35The Nervous SystemThe nervous system is made up of neurons and glia.
36. 36Sensory SystemsA sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor.
37. 37The Endocrine SystemHormones can affect cells directly through intracellular hormone receptors or indirectly through plasma membrane hormone receptors
38. 38The Musculoskeletal SystemThe axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage.
39. 39The Respiratory SystemThe respiratory bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
40. 40The Circulatory SystemCirculatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid).
41. 41Osmotic Regulation and ExcretionIt is the number of solute molecules and not the molecular size that is important in osmosis.
42. 42The Immune SystemUsing a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a…
43. 43Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentAsexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, and fragmentation.
44. 44Ecology and the BiosphereBiogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things as well as the abiotic factors that affect their distribution.
45. 45Population and Community EcologyEcologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio.
46. 46EcosystemsAnalytical models are used to describe linear food chains, and simulation models work best with holistic food webs
47. 47Conservation Biology and BiodiversityThese measurements include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

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One lesson for each chapter of Biology for AP® Courses, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Study of LifeThe main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge.
2. 2The Chemical Foundation of LifeAtoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
3. 3Biological MacromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules—large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.
4. 4Cell StructureAll prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA that is not membrane-bound.
5. 5Structure and Function of Plasma MembranesThe modern understanding of the plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model.
6. 6MetabolismGlucose synthesis and glucose breakdown are examples of anabolic and catabolic pathways, respectively
7. 7Cellular RespirationThe two processes of ATP regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the process of chemiosmosis
8. 8PhotosynthesisOnly certain organisms, called photoautotrophs, can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that absorbs certain portions of the visible spectrum and can capture energy…
9. 9Cell CommunicationSignaling cells secrete ligands that bind to target cells and initiate a chain of events within the target cell.
10. 10Cell ReproductionHuman gametes have 23 chromosomes representing one complete set of chromosomes; a set of chromosomes is complete with either one of the sex chromosomes.
11. 11Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionDuring meiosis, variation in the daughter nuclei is introduced because of crossover in prophase I and random alignment of tetrads at metaphase I.
12. 12Mendel's Experiments and HeredityWhen the offspring in Mendel’s experiment were self-crossed, the F 2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully…
13. 13Modern Understandings of InheritanceDisorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable.
14. 14DNA Structure and FunctionAvery, MacLeod, and McCarty proved that DNA is required for the transformation of bacteria.
15. 15Genes and ProteinsThe genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three nonsense codons.
16. 16Gene RegulationEukaryotic organisms express a subset of the DNA that is encoded in any given cell.
17. 17Biotechnology and GenomicsGenetic testing is performed to identify disease-causing genes, and gene therapy is used to cure an inheritable disease
18. 18Evolution and Origin of SpeciesEvolution is the process of adaptation through mutation which allows more desirable characteristics to be passed to the next generation.
19. 19The Evolution of PopulationsThe modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the cohesion of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity, along with the more modern study of population genetics.
20. 20Phylogenies and the History of LifeHistorically, organisms were organized into a taxonomic classification system.
21. 21VirusesViruses consist of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid with or without an outer lipid envelope.
22. 22Prokaryotes: Bacteria and ArchaeaDuring the first 2 billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live.
23. 23Plant Form and PhysiologyA plant is composed of two main types of tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
24. 24The Animal Body: Basic Form and FunctionThe four primary tissues are epithelia, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissues
25. 25Animal Nutrition and the Digestive SystemRuminants that consume large amounts of plant material have a multi-chambered stomach that digests roughage.
26. 26The Nervous SystemThe nervous system is made up of neurons and glia.
27. 27Sensory SystemsA sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor.
28. 28The Endocrine SystemHormones can affect cells directly through intracellular hormone receptors or indirectly through plasma membrane hormone receptors
29. 29The Musculoskeletal SystemThe axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage.
30. 30The Respiratory SystemThe respiratory bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
31. 31The Circulatory SystemCirculatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid).
32. 32Osmotic Regulation and ExcretionIt is the number of solute molecules and not the molecular size that is important in osmosis.
33. 33The Immune SystemUsing a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a…
34. 34Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentAsexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, and fragmentation.
35. 35Ecology and the BiosphereBiogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution.
36. 36Population and Community EcologyEcologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio.
37. 37EcosystemsAnalytical models are used to describe linear food chains, and simulation models work best with holistic food webs
38. 38Conservation Biology and BiodiversityThese measurements include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

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One lesson for each chapter of Chemistry 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Essential IdeasThe basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other elements.
2. 2Atoms, Molecules, and IonsSamples of a particular compound all have the same elemental proportions by mass.
3. 3Composition of Substances and SolutionsDue to the use of the same reference substance in defining the atomic mass unit and the mole, the formula mass (amu) and molar mass (g/mol) for any substance are numerically equivalent (for example, one H 2 O molecule…
4. 4Stoichiometry of Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions in aqueous solution that involve ionic reactants or products may be represented more realistically by complete ionic equations and, more succinctly, by net ionic equations
5. 5ThermochemistryKinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion; potential energy is energy due to relative position, composition, or condition.
6. 6Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of ElementsElectromagnetic radiation that passes through two closely spaced narrow slits having dimensions roughly similar to the wavelength will show an interference pattern that is a result of constructive and destructive…
7. 7Chemical Bonding and Molecular GeometryIn pure covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally.
8. 8Advanced Theories of Covalent BondingValence bond theory describes bonding as a consequence of the overlap of two separate atomic orbitals on different atoms that creates a region with one pair of electrons shared between the two atoms.
9. 9GasesAtmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer; other gas pressures can be measured using one of several types of manometers
10. 10Liquids and SolidsIntermolecular attractive forces, collectively referred to as van der Waals forces, are responsible for the behavior of liquids and solids and are electrostatic in nature.
11. 11Solutions and ColloidsThe solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the solvent.
12. 12KineticsRelations between different rate expressions for a given reaction are derived directly from the stoichiometric coefficients of the equation representing the reaction
13. 13Fundamental Equilibrium ConceptsThe system’s response to these disturbances is described by Le Châtelier’s principle: An equilibrium system subjected to a disturbance will shift in a way that counters the disturbance and re-establishes equilibrium.
14. 14Acid-Base EquilibriaThe species formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base gains a proton is the conjugate acid of the base.
15. 15Equilibria of Other Reaction ClassesComplex ions are examples of Lewis acid-base adducts and comprise central metal atoms or ions acting as Lewis acids bonded to molecules or ions called ligands that act as Lewis bases.
16. 16ThermodynamicsEntropy ( S ) is a state function that can be related to the number of microstates for a system (the number of ways the system can be arranged) and to the ratio of reversible heat to kelvin temperature.
17. 17ElectrochemistryElectrons are transferred from the reductant (in the anode half-cell) to the oxidant (in the cathode half-cell) through an external circuit, and inert solution phase ions are transferred between half-cells, through a…
18. 18Representative Metals, Metalloids, and NonmetalsThese elements are representative metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.
19. 19Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistryThe transition metals are elements with partially filled d orbitals, located in the d -block of the periodic table.
20. 20Organic ChemistryThe alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons—that is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
21. 21Nuclear ChemistryThis “missing” mass is the mass defect, which has been converted into the binding energy that holds the nucleus together according to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation, E = mc 2 .

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One lesson for each chapter of Chemistry: Atoms First 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Essential IdeasThe basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other elements.
2. 2Atoms, Molecules, and IonsSamples of a particular compound all have the same elemental proportions by mass.
3. 3Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of ElementsOther important wave phenomena include standing waves, periodic oscillations, and vibrations.
4. 4Chemical Bonding and Molecular GeometryIn pure covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally.
5. 5Advanced Theories of BondingValence bond theory describes bonding as a consequence of the overlap of two separate atomic orbitals on different atoms that creates a region with one pair of electrons shared between the two atoms.
6. 6Composition of Substances and SolutionsThe empirical formula mass of a covalent compound may be compared to the compound’s molecular or molar mass to derive a molecular formula
7. 7Stoichiometry of Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions in aqueous solution that involve ionic reactants or products may be represented more realistically by complete ionic equations and, more succinctly, by net ionic equations
8. 8GasesAtmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer; other gas pressures can be measured using one of several types of manometers
9. 9ThermochemistryKinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion; potential energy is energy due to relative position, composition, or condition.
10. 10Liquids and SolidsIntermolecular attractive forces, collectively referred to as van der Waals forces, are responsible for the behavior of liquids and solids and are electrostatic in nature.
11. 11Solutions and ColloidsThe solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the solvent.
12. 12ThermodynamicsEntropy ( S ) is a state function that can be related to the number of microstates for a system (the number of ways the system can be arranged) and to the ratio of reversible heat to kelvin temperature.
13. 13Fundamental Equilibrium ConceptsThe system’s response to these disturbances is described by Le Châtelier’s principle: An equilibrium system subjected to a disturbance will shift in a way that counters the disturbance and re-establishes equilibrium.
14. 14Acid-Base EquilibriaThe species formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base gains a proton is the conjugate acid of the base.
15. 15Equilibria of Other Reaction ClassesComplex ions are examples of Lewis acid-base adducts and comprise central metal atoms or ions acting as Lewis acids bonded to molecules or ions called ligands that act as Lewis bases.
16. 16ElectrochemistryElectrons are transferred from the reductant (in the anode half-cell) to the oxidant (in the cathode half-cell) through an external circuit, and inert solution phase ions are transferred between half-cells, through a…
17. 17KineticsRelations between different rate expressions for a given reaction are derived directly from the stoichiometric coefficients of the equation representing the reaction
18. 18Representative Metals, Metalloids, and NonmetalsThese elements are representative metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.
19. 19Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistryThe transition metals are elements with partially filled d orbitals, located in the d -block of the periodic table.
20. 20Nuclear ChemistryThis “missing” mass is the mass defect, which has been converted into the binding energy that holds the nucleus together according to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation, E = mc 2 .
21. 21Organic ChemistryThe alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons—that is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.

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One lesson for each chapter of College Physics 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction: The Nature of Science and PhysicsThe four fundamental units we will use in this text are the meter (for length), the kilogram (for mass), the second (for time), and the ampere (for electric current).
2. 2KinematicsIn symbols, displacement Δ x is defined to be Δ x = x f - x 0 , where x 0 is the initial position and x f is the final position.
3. 3Two-Dimensional KinematicsThe graphical method of adding vectors A and B involves drawing vectors on a graph and adding them using the head-to-tail method.
4. 4Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of MotionNewton’s first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.
5. 5Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and ElasticityThe magnitude of static friction f s between systems stationary relative to one another is given by f s ≤ μ s N , where μ s is the coefficient of static friction, which depends on both of the materials
6. 6Uniform Circular Motion and GravitationThe units of angular velocity are radians per second (rad/s).
7. 7Work, Energy, and Energy ResourcesThe net work W net is the work done by the net force acting on an object
8. 8Linear Momentum and CollisionsNewton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum states that the net external force equals the change in momentum of a system divided by the time over which it changes
9. 9Statics and TorqueThe second condition assures those torques are also balanced.
10. 10Rotational Motion and Angular MomentumThe kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships among rotation angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and time
11. 11Fluid StaticsFluid statics is the physics of stationary fluids
12. 12Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical ApplicationsFlow rate and velocity are related by Q = A v ¯ where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and v ¯ is its average velocity
13. 13Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas LawsAbsolute zero is the temperature at which there is no molecular motion
14. 14Heat and Heat Transfer MethodsAny energy unit can be used for heat transfer, and the most common are kilocalorie (kcal) and joule (J)
15. 15ThermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics is given as Δ E int = Q - W , where Δ E int is the change in internal energy of a system, Q is the net heat transfer (the sum of all heat transfer into and out of the system), and W is…
16. 16Oscillatory Motion and WavesThe simplest type of oscillations and waves are related to systems that can be described by Hooke’s law: F = - kx , where F is the restoring force, x is the displacement from equilibrium or deformation, and k is the…
17. 17Physics of HearingThe intensity of a sound wave is also related to the pressure amplitude Δ p I = ( Δ p ) 2 ρv w , where ρ is the density of the medium in which the sound wave travels and v w is the speed of sound in the medium
18. 18Electric Charge and Electric FieldThe electric charge of one electron is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the charge of one proton
19. 19Electric Potential and Electric FieldElectric potential is potential energy per unit charge
20. 20Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's LawThe SI unit for current is the ampere (A), where 1 A = 1 C/s
21. 21Circuits and DC InstrumentsThe voltage drop, or power dissipation, across each individual resistor in a series is different, and their combined total adds up to the power source input
22. 22MagnetismThe atoms in ferromagnetic materials act like small magnets (due to currents within the atoms) and can be aligned, usually in millimeter-sized regions called domains
23. 23Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical TechnologiesThe crucial quantity in induction is magnetic flux Φ , defined to be Φ = BA cos θ , where B is the magnetic field strength over an area A at an angle θ with the perpendicular to the area
24. 24Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light c .
25. 25Geometric OpticsThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics
26. 26Vision and Optical InstrumentsThe eye produces a real image on the retina by adjusting its focal length and power in a process called accommodation
27. 27Wave OpticsAn accurate technique for determining how and where waves propagate is given by Huygens’s principle: Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the…
28. 28Special RelativityThe first postulate of special relativity is the idea that the laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference.
29. 29Quantum PhysicsThe first indication that energy is sometimes quantized came from blackbody radiation, which is the emission of EM radiation by an object with an emissivity of 1
30. 30Atomic PhysicsThe first direct observation of atoms was in Brownian motion
31. 31Radioactivity and Nuclear PhysicsSome nuclei are radioactive—they spontaneously decay destroying some part of their mass and emitting energetic rays, a process called nuclear radioactivity
32. 32Medical Applications of Nuclear PhysicsRadiopharmaceuticals are compounds that are used for medical imaging and therapeutics
33. 33Particle PhysicsModern accelerators used in particle physics are either large synchrotrons or linear accelerators
34. 34Frontiers of PhysicsThe earliest epochs are tied to the unification of forces, with the electroweak epoch being partially understood, the GUT epoch being speculative, and the TOE epoch being highly speculative since it involves an unknown…

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One lesson for each chapter of College Physics For AP® Courses 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction: The Nature of Science and PhysicsThe four fundamental units we will use in this text are the meter (for length), the kilogram (for mass), the second (for time), and the ampere (for electric current).
2. 2KinematicsIn symbols, displacement Δ x is defined to be Δ x = x f - x 0 , where x 0 is the initial position and x f is the final position.
3. 3Two-Dimensional KinematicsThe graphical method of adding vectors A and B involves drawing vectors on a graph and adding them using the head-to-tail method.
4. 4Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of MotionNewton’s first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.
5. 5Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and ElasticityThe magnitude of static friction f s between systems stationary relative to one another is given by f s ≤ μ s N , where μ s is the coefficient of static friction, which depends on both of the materials
6. 6Uniform Circular Motion and GravitationThe units of angular velocity are radians per second (rad/s).
7. 7Work, Energy, and Energy ResourcesThe net work W net is the work done by the net force acting on an object
8. 8Linear Momentum and CollisionsNewton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum states that the net external force equals the change in momentum of a system divided by the time over which it changes
9. 9Statics and TorqueThe second condition assures those torques are also balanced.
10. 10Rotational Motion and Angular MomentumThe kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships among rotation angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and time
11. 11Fluid StaticsFluid statics is the physics of stationary fluids
12. 12Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical ApplicationsFlow rate and velocity are related by Q = A v ¯ where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and v ¯ is its average velocity
13. 13Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas LawsAbsolute zero is the temperature at which there is no molecular motion
14. 14Heat and Heat Transfer MethodsAny energy unit can be used for heat transfer, and the most common are kilocalorie (kcal) and joule (J)
15. 15ThermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics is given as Δ E int = Q - W , where Δ E int is the change in internal energy of a system, Q is the net heat transfer (the sum of all heat transfer into and out of the system), and W is…
16. 16Oscillatory Motion and WavesThe simplest type of oscillations and waves are related to systems that can be described by Hooke’s law: F = - kx , where F is the restoring force, x is the displacement from equilibrium or deformation, and k is the…
17. 17Physics of HearingThe intensity of a sound wave is also related to the pressure amplitude Δ p I = ( Δ p ) 2 ρv w , where ρ is the density of the medium in which the sound wave travels and v w is the speed of sound in the medium
18. 18Electric Charge and Electric FieldThe electric charge of one electron is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the charge of one proton
19. 19Electric Potential and Electric FieldElectric potential is potential energy per unit charge
20. 20Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's LawThe SI unit for current is the ampere (A), where 1 A = 1 C/s
21. 21Circuits and DC InstrumentsThe voltage drop, or power dissipation, across each individual resistor in a series is different, and their combined total adds up to the power source input
22. 22MagnetismThe atoms in ferromagnetic materials act like small magnets (due to currents within the atoms) and can be aligned, usually in millimeter-sized regions called domains
23. 23Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical TechnologiesThe crucial quantity in induction is magnetic flux Φ , defined to be Φ = BA cos θ , where B is the magnetic field strength over an area A at an angle θ with the perpendicular to the area
24. 24Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light c .
25. 25Geometric OpticsThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics
26. 26Vision and Optical InstrumentsIn myopia and hyperopia, the corrective lenses produce images at a distance that the person can see clearly—the far point and near point, respectively
27. 27Wave OpticsAn accurate technique for determining how and where waves propagate is given by Huygens’s principle: Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the…
28. 28Special RelativityThe first postulate of special relativity is the idea that the laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference.
29. 29Quantum PhysicsThe first indication that energy is sometimes quantized came from blackbody radiation, which is the emission of EM radiation by an object with an emissivity of 1
30. 30Atomic PhysicsThe first direct observation of atoms was in Brownian motion
31. 31Radioactivity and Nuclear PhysicsSome nuclei are radioactive—they spontaneously decay destroying some part of their mass and emitting energetic rays, a process called nuclear radioactivity
32. 32Medical Applications of Nuclear PhysicsRadiopharmaceuticals are compounds that are used for medical imaging and therapeutics
33. 33Particle PhysicsModern accelerators used in particle physics are either large synchrotrons or linear accelerators
34. 34Frontiers of PhysicsThe earliest epochs are tied to the unification of forces, with the electroweak epoch being partially understood, the GUT epoch being speculative, and the TOE epoch being highly speculative since it involves an unknown…

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One lesson for each chapter of Concepts of Biology, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction to BiologyLiving things are highly organized following a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
2. 2Chemistry of LifeAtoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
3. 3Cell Structure and FunctionAll prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles.
4. 4How Cells Obtain EnergyThe physical laws that describe the transfer of energy are the laws of thermodynamics.
5. 5PhotosynthesisThe most common and abundant pigment is chlorophyll a .
6. 6Reproduction at the Cellular LevelAn organism’s traits are determined in large part by the genes inherited from each parent, but also by the environment that they experience.
7. 7The Cellular Basis of InheritanceThere are three main categories of life cycles: diploid-dominant, demonstrated by most animals; haploid-dominant, demonstrated by all fungi and some algae; and alternation of generations, demonstrated by plants and…
8. 8Patterns of InheritanceIf the traits are inherited as dominant and recessive, the F 1 offspring will all exhibit the same phenotype as the parent homozygous for the dominant trait.
9. 9Molecular BiologyEach nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
10. 10BiotechnologyIn molecular cloning with bacteria, a desired DNA fragment is inserted into a bacterial plasmid using restriction enzymes and the plasmid is taken up by a bacterium, which will then express the foreign DNA.
11. 11Evolution and Its ProcessesEvolution by natural selection arises from three conditions: individuals within a species vary, some of those variations are heritable, and organisms have more offspring than resources can support.
12. 12Diversity of LifeHowever, today many scientists build phylogenetic trees to illustrate evolutionary relationships and the taxonomic classification system is expected to reflect evolutionary relationships
13. 13Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and ProtistsMicrobial mats are thought to represent the earliest forms of life on Earth, and there is fossil evidence, called stromatolites, of their presence about 3.5 billion years ago.
14. 14Diversity of PlantsAll land plants share the following characteristics: alternation of generations, with the haploid plant called a gametophyte and the diploid plant called a sporophyte; formation of haploid spores in a sporangium; and…
15. 15Diversity of AnimalsAnimals with three germ layers, called triploblasts, are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom.
16. 16The Body’s SystemsThe blood vessels that transport blood into and out of the kidneys arise from and merge with the aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively.
17. 17The Immune System and DiseaseTheir genomes contain either DNA or RNA, and they replicate using the replication proteins of a host cell.
18. 18Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentAsexual reproduction in animals occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.
19. 19Population and Community EcologyWhen resources become limiting, populations follow a logistic growth curve in which population size will level off at the carrying capacity
20. 20Ecosystems and the BiosphereOrganisms in an ecosystem acquire energy in a variety of ways, which is transferred between trophic levels as the energy flows from the base to the top of the food web, with energy being lost at each transfer.
21. 21Conservation and BiodiversityThese include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Structure and Function of the Nervous System: Cells and AnatomyThe basic cellular building blocks of the nervous system are neurons and glia.
2. 2NeurophysiologyNeurons are bilingual, using two inter-related but distinct signaling systems.
3. 3Basic NeurochemistryThe function of these neurotransmitters is determined by the region of the brain they innervate, the type and location of the receptor, and the nature of the mechanisms induced by the receptor.
4. 4Comparative NeuroscienceThe choice of model organisms is based on behavioral characteristics, breeding, ease of handling and/or exceptional abilities.
5. 5NeurodevelopmentThe cells of the brain are produced from neural stem cells that occupy the neural tube and differentiate into neurons and glia.
6. 6VisionLight reflected from surfaces is imaged by the eye’s optical system, the cornea and lens, onto the retina at the back of the eye, where photoreceptors detect photons of light energy.
7. 7Hearing and BalanceUnderstanding the different ways sounds are generated and how sound waves interact with the physical environment lays the groundwork for examining how the ear senses sound and how the brain processes acoustic information
8. 8The Chemical SensesThe anatomical and molecular differences between the vertebrate and insect gustatory systems are vast, but what is truly astounding are the commonalities between animals.
9. 9Touch and PainThe emotional experience of pain is contributed to significantly by the limbic system structures, which also play a critical role in the regulation of our emotions, such as depression.
10. 10Motor ControlEffector skeletal muscles move limbs and body parts in desired directions by pulling in a coordinated manner, typically in conjunction with antagonistic partners pulling in opposite directions.
11. 11Sexual Behavior and DevelopmentAdditionally, we examined intersexual competition, where mate choice drives the evolution of traits that are attractive to the opposite sex, such as elaborate plumage or intricate courtship behaviors.
12. 12StressThe slower neuroendocrine response depends upon the HPA axis and is important for the long-term effects of the stress response as well as various other bodily functions.
13. 13Emotion and MoodThis view was advanced by Magda Arnold, Richard Lazarus and other appraisal theorists who suggested a range or dimensions that are evaluated during the appraisal process to ultimately determine which emotions are…
14. 14PsychopharmacologyFactors such as the route of administration and the rate of absorption, metabolism, and excretion can impact the ultimate concentration of a drug that ends up in the circulatory system.
15. 15Biological Rhythms and SleepEndogenous biological rhythms are found in nearly every organism on the planet.
16. 16HomeostasisMany homeostatic systems throughout the body are regulated by the nervous system.
17. 17NeuroimmunologyThe immune system is broadly divided into innate and adaptive responses.
18. 18Learning and MemoryOnce memories are encoded, they need to be stabilized in a time-sensitive process known as consolidation, but even then, the memories are not solidified; memories are vulnerable to disruption every time they are…
19. 19Attention and Executive FunctionThe concepts of arousal, vigilance, and selective attention are all tightly related aspects of our brain’s ability to bring certain pieces of information into conscious awareness and maintain that information over time.

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One lesson for each chapter of Microbiology, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1An Invisible WorldMicroorganisms (or microbes ) are living organisms that are generally too small to be seen without a microscope
2. 2How We See the Invisible WorldA lens is a medium with a curved surface that refracts and focuses light to produce an image
3. 3The CellThe theory of spontaneous generation states that life arose from nonliving matter.
4. 4Prokaryotic DiversityThe totality of forms of prokaryotes (particularly bacteria) living on the human body is called the human microbiome, which varies between regions of the body and individuals, and changes over time
5. 5The Eukaryotes of MicrobiologyHelminth parasites are included within the study of microbiology because they are often identified by looking for microscopic eggs and larvae
6. 6Acellular PathogensViruses are generally ultramicroscopic, typically from 20 nm to 900 nm in length.
7. 7Microbial BiochemistryThe most abundant elements in cells are hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
8. 8Microbial MetabolismMetabolism includes chemical reactions that break down complex molecules ( catabolism ) and those that build complex molecules ( anabolism )
9. 9Microbial GrowthMost bacterial cells divide by binary fission .
10. 10Biochemistry of the GenomeDNA was discovered and characterized long before its role in heredity was understood.
11. 11Mechanisms of Microbial GeneticsThe genotype of a cell is the full collection of genes a cell contains.
12. 12Modern Applications of Microbial GeneticsBiotechology is the science of utilizing living systems to benefit humankind.
13. 13Control of Microbial GrowthInanimate items that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission are called fomites .
14. 14Antimicrobial DrugsThe use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drugs is preferred in many cases to avoid superinfection and the development of antimicrobial resistance
15. 15Microbial Mechanisms of PathogenicityAn acute disease is short in duration, whereas a chronic disease lasts for months or years.
16. 16Disease and EpidemiologyIncidence is the number of new cases (morbidity or mortality), usually expressed as a proportion, during a specified time period; prevalence is the total number affected in the population, again usually expressed as a…
17. 17Innate Nonspecific Host DefensesNonspecific innate immunity provides a first line of defense against infection by nonspecifically blocking entry of microbes and targeting them for destruction or removal from the body
18. 18Adaptive Specific Host DefensesThe five classes of antibody are IgM , IgG , IgA , IgE , and IgD , each differing in size, arrangement, location within the body, and function.
19. 19Diseases of the Immune SystemAn allergy is an adaptive immune response, sometimes life-threatening, to an allergen
20. 20Laboratory Analysis of the Immune ResponseAntibodies bind with high specificity to antigens used to challenge the immune system, but they may also show cross-reactivity by binding to other antigens that share chemical properties with the original antigen
21. 21Skin and Eye InfectionsHuman skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis , which are situated on top of the hypodermis , a layer of connective tissue
22. 22Respiratory System InfectionsAir enters the upper respiratory tract through the nasal cavity and mouth, which both lead to the pharynx .
23. 23Urogenital System InfectionsThe urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder , and urethra ; the bladder and urethra are the most common sites of infection
24. 24Digestive System InfectionsThe digestive tract, consisting of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, has a normal microbiota that is important for health
25. 25Circulatory and Lymphatic System InfectionsThe circulatory system moves blood throughout the body and has no normal microbiota
26. 26Nervous System InfectionsTissues of the PNS and CNS are formed of cells called glial cells and neurons

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One lesson for each chapter of Organic Chemistry: A Tenth Edition, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Structure and BondingThe purpose of this chapter has been to get you up to speed—to review some ideas about atoms, bonds, and molecular geometry.
2. 2Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and BasesA carbon-oxygen bond is polar, for example, because oxygen attracts the shared electrons more strongly than carbon does.
3. 3Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their StereochemistryA functional group is a group of atoms within a larger molecule that has a characteristic chemical reactivity.
4. 4Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their StereochemistryCyclic molecules are so commonly encountered throughout organic and biological chemistry that it’s important to understand the consequences of their cyclic structures.
5. 5Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral CentersAn object or molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image is said to be chiral , meaning “handed.” A chiral molecule is one that does not have a plane of symmetry cutting through it so that one half is a…
6. 6An Overview of Organic ReactionsA bond is formed in a polar reaction when the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the electrophile.
7. 7Alkenes: Structure and ReactivityIn this chapter, we’ve looked at some consequences of alkene stereoisomerism and at the details of the broadest class of alkene reactions—the electrophilic addition reaction
8. 8Alkenes: Reactions and SynthesisThe converse of this elimination reaction is the addition of various substances to the alkene double bond to give saturated products
9. 9Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic SynthesisThe real importance of this chapter is that alkyne chemistry is a useful vehicle for looking at the general strategies used in organic synthesis—the construction of complex molecules in the laboratory
10. 10OrganohalidesAlkyl halides are not often found in terrestrial organisms, but the kinds of reactions they undergo are among the most important and well-studied reaction types in organic chemistry.
11. 11Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and EliminationsThe reaction of an alkyl halide or tosylate with a nucleophile/base results either in substitution or in elimination.
12. 12Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared SpectroscopyThe structure of an organic molecule is usually determined using spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy.
13. 13Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyThe exact position of each peak is called the chemical shift .
14. 14Conjugated Compounds and Ultraviolet SpectroscopyA conjugated diene or other compound is one that contains alternating double and single bonds.
15. 15Benzene and AromaticityThe word aromatic is used for historical reasons to refer to the class of compounds related structurally to benzene.
16. 16Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionWe’ve continued the coverage of aromatic molecules in this chapter, shifting focus to concentrate on reactions.
17. 17Alcohols and PhenolsIn previous chapters, we focused on developing general ideas of organic reactivity, looking at the chemistry of hydrocarbons and alkyl halides and seeing some of the tools used in structural studies.
18. 18Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and SulfidesEthers are compounds that have two organic groups bonded to the same oxygen atom, ROR′.
19. 19Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition ReactionsThe nucleophilic addition reaction is the most common general reaction type for aldehydes and ketones.
20. 20Carboxylic Acids and NitrilesLike aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is sp 2 -hybridized; like alcohols, carboxylic acids are associated through hydrogen-bonding and therefore have high boiling points
21. 21Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution ReactionsAcid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides are the most common such derivatives in the laboratory; thioesters and acyl phosphates are common in biological molecules
22. 22Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution ReactionsAn example is the α halogenation of ketones on treatment with Cl 2 , Br 2 , or I 2 in acid solution.
23. 23Carbonyl Condensation ReactionsThe aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation that occurs between two aldehyde or ketone molecules.
24. 24Amines and HeterocyclesThe chemistry of amines is dominated by the lone-pair electrons on nitrogen, which makes amines both basic and nucleophilic.
25. 25Biomolecules: CarbohydratesNow that we’ve now seen all the common functional groups and reaction types, our focus has changed to looking at the major classes of biological molecules.
26. 26Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and ProteinsProteins and peptides are large biomolecules made of α -amino acid residues linked together by amide, or peptide, bonds.
27. 27Biomolecules: LipidsLipids are the naturally occurring materials isolated from plants and animals by extraction with a nonpolar organic solvent.
28. 28Biomolecules: Nucleic AcidsEnzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleic acids yields nucleotides , the monomer units from which RNA and DNA are constructed.
29. 29The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic PathwaysAlthough the details of specific biochemical pathways are sometimes complex, all the reactions that occur follow the normal rules of organic chemical reactivity
30. 30Orbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic ReactionsThe stereochemistry of these reactions is controlled by the symmetry of the orbitals involved in bond reorganization
31. 31Synthetic PolymersSynthetic polymers can be classified as either chain-growth or step-growth.

OpenStax

One lesson for each chapter of Physics, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1What is Physics?Modern physics involves the theory of relativity, which describes how time, space and gravity are not constant in our universe can be different for different observers, and quantum mechanics, which describes the…
2. 2Motion in One DimensionAverage speed is a scalar quantity that describes distance traveled divided by the time during which the motion occurs
3. 3AccelerationThe kinematic equations in this section are valid only for constant acceleration
4. 4Forces and Newton’s Laws of MotionDynamics is the study of how forces affect the motion of objects and systems
5. 5Motion in Two DimensionsNext, use the head-to-tail method as for vector addition to obtain the resultant vector R
6. 6Circular and Rotational MotionThe angle of rotation Δ θ is defined as the ratio of the arc length to the radius of curvature
7. 7Newton's Law of GravitationNewton’s law of universal gravitation provides a mathematical basis for gravitational force and Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
8. 8MomentumImpulse is the average net external force multiplied by the time this force acts, and impulse equals the change in momentum, Δ p = F net Δ t
9. 9Work, Energy, and Simple MachinesThe work-energy theorem states that an amount of work that changes the velocity of an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of that object.The work-energy theorem states that an amount of work that changes…
10. 10Special RelativityOne postulate of special relativity theory is that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference
11. 11Thermal Energy, Heat, and WorkHeat is transferred by three different methods: conduction, convection, and radiation
12. 12ThermodynamicsThe zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems, A and B, are in thermal equilibrium with each other, and B is in thermal equilibrium with a third system, C, then A is also in thermal equilibrium with C
13. 13Waves and Their PropertiesMechanical waves must travel through a medium
14. 14SoundSound intensity level in decibels (dB) is more relevant for how humans perceive sounds than sound intensity (in W/m 2 ), even though sound intensity is the SI unit
15. 15LightCalculations can be based on the relationship among the speed, frequency, and wavelength of light, and on the relationship among luminous flux, illuminance, and distance
16. 16Mirrors and LensesThe angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
17. 17Diffraction and InterferenceCharacteristics of diffraction patterns produced with diffraction gratings can be determined
18. 18Static ElectricityObjects can be charged in three ways: by contact, by conduction, and by induction
19. 19Electrical CircuitsDirect current is constant over time; alternating current alternates smoothly back and forth over time
20. 20MagnetismA charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a force whose direction is determined by the right-hand rule
21. 21The Quantum Nature of LightThe maximum kinetic energy KE e of ejected electrons (photoelectrons) is given by K E e = h f - B E , where hf is the photon energy and BE is the binding energy (or work function) of the electron in the particular…
22. 22The AtomDescribed as an electron cloud, the quantum model of the atom is the result of de Broglie waves and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
23. 23Particle PhysicsThere are three types of fundamental particles—leptons, quarks, and carrier particles

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One lesson for each chapter of University Physics Volume 1, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Units and MeasurementTwo commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units.
2. 2VectorsA vector quantity is any quantity that has magnitude and direction, such as displacement or velocity.
3. 3Motion Along a Straight LineDisplacement is the change in position of an object.
4. 4Motion in Two and Three DimensionsThe displacement vector Δ r → gives the shortest distance between any two points on the trajectory of a particle in two or three dimensions
5. 5Newton's Laws of MotionA free-body diagram is a drawing of all external forces acting on a body
6. 6Applications of Newton's LawsThe normal force on an object is not always equal in magnitude to the weight of the object.
7. 7Work and Kinetic EnergyThe work done against a force is the negative of the work done by the force
8. 8Potential Energy and Conservation of EnergyFor a conservative force, the infinitesimal work is an exact differential.
9. 9Linear Momentum and CollisionsThe law of conservation of momentum says that the momentum of a closed system is constant in time (conserved)
10. 10Fixed-Axis RotationThe instantaneous angular velocity of a rotating body ω = lim Δ t → 0 Δ θ Δ t = d θ d t is the derivative with respect to time of the angular position θ , found by taking the limit Δ t → 0 in the average angular…
11. 11Angular MomentumIn rolling motion without slipping, a static friction force is present between the rolling object and the surface.
12. 12Static Equilibrium and ElasticityWhen a body in a selected inertial frame of reference neither rotates nor moves in translational motion, we say the body is in static equilibrium in this frame of reference
13. 13GravitationThe weight of an object is the gravitational attraction between Earth and the object
14. 14Fluid MechanicsAbsolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure
15. 15OscillationsSimple harmonic motion (SHM) is oscillatory motion for a system where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to the displacement
16. 16WavesWave velocity and wavelength are related to the wave’s frequency and period by v = λ T = λ f
17. 17SoundThe speed of sound depends on the medium and the state of the medium

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One lesson for each chapter of University Physics Volume 2, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Temperature and HeatThe three phases of water (ice, liquid water, and water vapor) can coexist at a single pressure and temperature known as the triple point
2. 2The Kinetic Theory of GasesThe ideal gas law can also be written and solved in terms of the number of moles of gas: p V = n R T , where n is the number of moles and R is the universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J/mol · K
3. 3The First Law of ThermodynamicsA thermodynamic system, its boundary, and its surroundings must be defined with all the roles of the components fully explained before we can analyze a situation
4. 4The Second Law of ThermodynamicsThe focus of a refrigerator is on removing heat from the cold reservoir with a coefficient of performance K R
5. 5Electric Charges and FieldsThe electric charge of one electron is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the charge of one proton
6. 6Gauss's LawThe electric flux through a surface is proportional to the number of field lines crossing that surface.
7. 7Electric PotentialThe superposition principle holds for electric potential energy; the potential energy of a system of multiple charges is the sum of the potential energies of the individual pairs
8. 8CapacitanceWhen several capacitors are connected in a series combination, the reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances
9. 9Current and ResistanceThe average electrical current I ave is the rate at which charge flows, given by I ave = Δ Q Δ t , where Δ Q is the amount of charge passing through an area in time Δ t
10. 10Direct-Current CircuitsAll voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a characteristic electromotive force (emf), and an internal resistance r .
11. 11Magnetic Forces and FieldsMagnets have two types of magnetic poles, called the north magnetic pole and the south magnetic pole.
12. 12Sources of Magnetic FieldsThe magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire is found by the Biot-Savart law
13. 13Electromagnetic InductionThe induced emf in a closed loop due to a change in magnetic flux through the loop is known as Faraday’s law.
14. 14InductanceThe unit of self-inductance and inductance is the henry (H), where 1 H = 1 Ω · s
15. 15Alternating-Current CircuitsDirect current (dc) refers to systems in which the source voltage is constant
16. 16Electromagnetic WavesMaxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic waves resulted from his formulation of a complete and symmetric theory of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell’s equations

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One lesson for each chapter of University Physics Volume 3, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Nature of LightThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics
2. 2Geometric Optics and Image FormationSpherical aberration occurs for spherical mirrors but not parabolic mirrors; comatic aberration occurs for both types of mirrors
3. 3InterferenceAn interference pattern is obtained by the superposition of light from two slits
4. 4DiffractionMissing orders occur when an interference maximum and a diffraction minimum are located together
5. 5RelativityThe second postulate of special relativity is that the speed of light c is the same in all inertial frames of reference, independent of the relative motion of the observer and the light source
6. 6Photons and Matter WavesPlanck’s hypothesis of energy quanta led to the theoretical Planck’s radiation law, which agrees with the experimental blackbody radiation curve; it also explains Wien’s and Stefan’s laws
7. 7Quantum MechanicsIn quantum mechanics, the state of a physical system is represented by a wave function
8. 8Atomic StructureThe quantum numbers of an electron in a hydrogen atom can be used to calculate the magnitude and direction of the orbital magnetic dipole moment of the atom
9. 9Condensed Matter PhysicsMolecules form by two main types of bonds: the ionic bond and the covalent bond.
10. 10Nuclear PhysicsThe atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes
11. 11Particle Physics and CosmologyQuarks interact via the strong force, but leptons do not.

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One lesson for each chapter, from civic engagement through foreign policy. Read it, then open the same chapter in the book.

1. 1American Government and Civic EngagementGovernment allocates authority. Politics is the contest over how that authority is used.
2. 2The Constitution and Its OriginsThe Constitution is a bargain that divides power and sets a hard path for changing the bargain.
3. 3American FederalismTwo governments govern the same people, and the Constitution says which jobs belong to which level.
4. 4Civil LibertiesA civil liberty is a limit on what government may do to you.
5. 5Civil RightsA civil right is a claim to equal treatment by government and, through statutes, by many private institutions.
6. 6The Politics of Public OpinionA poll is only as good as its sample and its question.
7. 7Voting and ElectionsWho may vote, who does vote, and how those votes are counted are three different questions.
8. 8The MediaThe media do not only report a list of facts. They help decide which facts feel like the story.
9. 9Political PartiesA party’s first job is to win office, not merely to publish a list of ideas.
10. 10Interest Groups and LobbyingA group that seeks a benefit for many people must solve the problem that many people will let someone else do the work.
11. 11CongressThe two chambers were built to slow each other down, and the rules still do that work.
12. 12The PresidencyThe president acts fastest alone, and is checked hardest when the act needs money, a treaty, or a new statute.
13. 13The CourtsThe Court does not take every case. Four justices must first agree that the case is worth hearing.
14. 14State and Local GovernmentCities are creatures of the state. Their power is delegated, not sovereign.
15. 15The BureaucracyBureaucrats do not only carry out a clear order. They fill in the details Congress left open.
16. 16Domestic PolicyName the type of policy before you argue about it. A rule, a transfer, and a widely shared project are not the same fight.
17. 17Foreign PolicyForeign policy is a goal plus a tool. Naming only the goal leaves out how the country intends to get there.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Anthropology, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1What Is Anthropology?Anthropologists have developed four main approaches to pursuing anthropology’s common narrative, comprising the discipline’s four fields: biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic…
2. 2Methods: Cultural and ArchaeologicalChapter 2 discusses how anthropologists gather information.
3. 3Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural ChangeThe discipline of anthropology is centered on the concept of culture.
4. 4Biological Evolution and Early Human EvidenceNatural selection depends on the evolutionary processes of mutation, speciation, gene flow, and genetic drift
5. 5The Genus Homo and the Emergence of UsGenetic information provided by mtDNA indicates that all humans shared common ancestors who lived in Africa 200,000 years ago.
6. 6Language and CommunicationHuman language differs from animal communication in its complexity and flexibility, aspects of human communication made possible by unique human biological and genetic features.
7. 7Work, Life, and Value: Economic AnthropologyHumans use four main modes of subsistence to meet their needs: gathering-hunting, pastoralism, plant cultivation, and industrialism.
8. 8Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political AnthropologyIn centralized societies such as chiefdoms and states, various forms of power are condensed in the formal hereditary role of the leader.
9. 9Social InequalitiesDivision of labor , in and of itself, is not hierarchical, but when different values are assigned to different types of labor and some positions or people have power over others, this creates a hierarchy.
10. 10The Global Impact of Human MigrationHistorically, global forces have also contributed to migration, including seafaring explorations, colonialism, and the transatlantic slave trade that led to a diaspora (dispersal) of millions of African peoples into…
11. 11Forming Family through KinshipIt defines the way an individual (EGO) fits within a larger kindred (depicted by terms of reference) and the rights and obligations that EGO has to these individuals (depicted by terms of address)
12. 12Gender and SexualityThe study of gender and sexuality also shows how power operates among the categories of gender, particularly through forms of gender ideology such as patriarchy.
13. 13Religion and CultureNones, agnostics, and atheists do have worldviews particular to their cultures, and they sometimes also have spiritual beliefs
14. 14Anthropology of FoodThe study of early human diets is important for understanding the evolution of humans, and archaeologists use various kinds of evidence to determine early foodways, from material artifacts such as food utensils to food…
15. 15Anthropology of MediaDigital media construct entirely new forms of sociality, including illicit shadow forms of impersonation and scamming such as sakawa
16. 16Art, Music, and SportThe anthropology of the arts is a subfield of cultural anthropology that explores the arts in a broader context within and between different cultural settings.
17. 17Medical AnthropologyMedical anthropologists thus try to study medicine and health within the context of the culture it comes from, which is known as ethnomedicine.
18. 18Human-Animal RelationshipHuman-animal scholars often use a research approach known as multispecies ethnography as a way of understanding the symbiosis between humans and animals
19. 19Indigenous AnthropologyThe issues faced by these people are similar to those faced by Indigenous peoples around the world, including a history of colonization, removal from traditional lands to reservations, signing away land and rights in…
20. 20Anthropology on the GroundThe diverse ways in which we humans have solved or managed the challenges of our lives are a rich storehouse for our future.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Structure and Function of the Nervous System: Cells and AnatomyThe basic cellular building blocks of the nervous system are neurons and glia.
2. 2NeurophysiologyNeurons are bilingual, using two inter-related but distinct signaling systems.
3. 3Basic NeurochemistryThe function of these neurotransmitters is determined by the region of the brain they innervate, the type and location of the receptor, and the nature of the mechanisms induced by the receptor.
4. 4Comparative NeuroscienceThe choice of model organisms is based on behavioral characteristics, breeding, ease of handling and/or exceptional abilities.
5. 5NeurodevelopmentThe cells of the brain are produced from neural stem cells that occupy the neural tube and differentiate into neurons and glia.
6. 6VisionLight reflected from surfaces is imaged by the eye’s optical system, the cornea and lens, onto the retina at the back of the eye, where photoreceptors detect photons of light energy.
7. 7Hearing and BalanceUnderstanding the different ways sounds are generated and how sound waves interact with the physical environment lays the groundwork for examining how the ear senses sound and how the brain processes acoustic information
8. 8The Chemical SensesThe anatomical and molecular differences between the vertebrate and insect gustatory systems are vast, but what is truly astounding are the commonalities between animals.
9. 9Touch and PainThe emotional experience of pain is contributed to significantly by the limbic system structures, which also play a critical role in the regulation of our emotions, such as depression.
10. 10Motor ControlEffector skeletal muscles move limbs and body parts in desired directions by pulling in a coordinated manner, typically in conjunction with antagonistic partners pulling in opposite directions.
11. 11Sexual Behavior and DevelopmentAdditionally, we examined intersexual competition, where mate choice drives the evolution of traits that are attractive to the opposite sex, such as elaborate plumage or intricate courtship behaviors.
12. 12StressThe slower neuroendocrine response depends upon the HPA axis and is important for the long-term effects of the stress response as well as various other bodily functions.
13. 13Emotion and MoodThis view was advanced by Magda Arnold, Richard Lazarus and other appraisal theorists who suggested a range or dimensions that are evaluated during the appraisal process to ultimately determine which emotions are…
14. 14PsychopharmacologyFactors such as the route of administration and the rate of absorption, metabolism, and excretion can impact the ultimate concentration of a drug that ends up in the circulatory system.
15. 15Biological Rhythms and SleepEndogenous biological rhythms are found in nearly every organism on the planet.
16. 16HomeostasisMany homeostatic systems throughout the body are regulated by the nervous system.
17. 17NeuroimmunologyThe immune system is broadly divided into innate and adaptive responses.
18. 18Learning and MemoryOnce memories are encoded, they need to be stabilized in a time-sensitive process known as consolidation, but even then, the memories are not solidified; memories are vulnerable to disruption every time they are…
19. 19Attention and Executive FunctionThe concepts of arousal, vigilance, and selective attention are all tightly related aspects of our brain’s ability to bring certain pieces of information into conscious awareness and maintain that information over time.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Political Science, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1What Is Politics and What Is Political Science?Public policy—all the actions that governments take that are designed to influence individual, group, institutional, or national behavior—is one of the main products of politics.
2. 2Political Behavior Is Human BehaviorRawls’s theory of social justice is based on the concept of the choices rational beings would make behind the “veil of ignorance.” Non-Western thinkers, feminist scholars, and Black philosopher/activists have developed…
3. 3Political IdeologyRousseau added to the social contract tradition the idea of government based on the general will
4. 4Civil LibertiesCommunity responsibilities are an individual’s duties or obligations to the community—those things that are expected of individuals if they wish to remain members of that community
5. 5Political Participation and Public OpinionPolitical participation is defined as action that expresses an individual’s political will, and self-government is when the people of a given country are the ones who grant the power to govern that country, through…
6. 6The Fundamentals of Group Political ActivityPolitical socialization is the process by which individuals develop their political personalities from their youth through their adult years.
7. 7Civil RightsWhenever a basic right is denied to a group based on a shared characteristic, a civil rights issue exists
8. 8Interest Groups, Political Parties, and ElectionsNoneconomic groups include public interest groups, single-issue groups, civil rights groups, and ideological groups.
9. 9LegislaturesLegislatures do a lot of different things, but their primary jobs are to make laws, represent constituents, and oversee other parts of government.
10. 10Executives, Cabinets, and BureaucraciesIn parliamentary and semi-presidential regimes, the head of government and head of state are separate individuals, and the legislature selects the head of government.
11. 11Courts and LawThe judicial system or judiciary is the court system for a particular area.
12. 12The MediaAnother common way of defining the media’s role is to say that it acts as the fourth estate, or the unofficial fourth branch of government that checks the others.
13. 13Governing RegimesA government can be defined as a set of organizations, with their associated rules and procedures, that has the authority to exercise the widest scope of power—the ability to impose its will on others to secure desired…
14. 14International RelationsIn international relations, sovereignty is the ability of a state to chart its own path through the international system.
15. 15International Law and International OrganizationsThe need to cooperate to address common problems and attain collective goods has led to the development of a robust if imperfect system of global governance.
16. 16International Political EconomyInternational political economy examines the ways in which political factors shape public policies and define who the winners and losers of these policies are.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Sociology 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1An Introduction to SociologySociology is the systematic and scientific study of society and social interaction.
2. 2Sociological ResearchPrior to conducting a study, researchers are careful to apply operational definitions to their terms and to establish dependent and independent variables
3. 3CultureThe term culture generally describes the shared values, beliefs, norms, language, practices, and artifacts of these people, and includes material and nonmaterial elements.
4. 4Society and Social InteractionWith the rise of capitalism, workers become alienated from themselves and others in society.
5. 5SocializationResearch demonstrates that who we are is affected by both nature (our genetic and hormonal makeup) and nurture (the social environment in which we are raised).
6. 6Groups and OrganizationPrimary groups rarely have formal leaders, although there can be informal leadership.
7. 7Deviance, Crime, and Social ControlSociety seeks to limit deviance through the use of sanctions that help maintain a system of social control.
8. 8Media and TechnologyThe knowledge gap refers to an effect of the digital divide: the lack of knowledge or information that keeps those who were not exposed to technology from gaining marketable skills
9. 9Social Stratification in the United StatesClass systems are open, with achievement playing a role in social position.
10. 10Global InequalityWhen looking at the world’s poor, we first have to define the difference between relative poverty, absolute poverty, and subjective poverty.
11. 11Race and EthnicityThe concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture
12. 12Gender, Sex, and SexualityIndividuals who strongly identify with the opposing gender are considered transgender
13. 13Aging and the ElderlyThe social study of aging uses population data and cohorts to predict social concerns related to aging populations.
14. 14Relationships, Marriage, and FamilyBoth marriage and a family may be defined differently—and practiced differently—in cultures across the world.
15. 15ReligionSociological terms for different kinds of religious organizations are, in order of decreasing influence in society, ecclesia, denomination, sect, and cult.
16. 16EducationEducation happens through both formal and informal systems; both foster cultural transmission.
17. 17Government and PoliticsPower is an entity or individual’s ability to control or direct others, while authority is influence that is predicated on perceived legitimacy.
18. 18Work and the EconomyUnder socialism, the means of production is commonly owned, and the economy is controlled centrally by government.
19. 19Health and MedicineSocial epidemiology is the study of the causes and distribution of diseases.
20. 20Population, Urbanization, and the EnvironmentMalthusian, zero population growth, cornucopian theory, and demographic transition theories all help sociologists study demography.
21. 21Social Movements and Social ChangeThere are three different forms of collective behavior: crowd, mass, and public.

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One lesson for each chapter of Lifespan Development, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Lifespan Psychology and Developmental TheoriesLifespan development is a subfield of the discipline of psychology; human development adds a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the lifespan
2. 2Genetic, Prenatal, and Perinatal HealthGenotype is the unique combination of individual genes, and phenotype is the way these genes express themselves physically and behaviorally
3. 3Physical and Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers (Birth to Age 3)Growth charts help document developmental patterns and identify signs of abnormal growth
4. 4Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers (Birth to Age 3)Temperament can be shaped and modified by parents and culture and can predict personality traits in childhood and adolescence
5. 5Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood (Ages 3 to 6)A healthy balanced diet is essential to optimal growth.
6. 6Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood (Ages 3 to 6)Self-esteem emerges in early childhood and is influenced mainly by parental approval and social comparisons
7. 7Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Ages 7 to 12)Piaget believed that during middle childhood, children can use logic to solve concrete problems, such as conservation and seriation
8. 8Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood (Ages 7 to 12)The psychosocial theory of development contends that the main dilemma children face in middle childhood is Erikson’s industry versus inferiority, in which industry is the desirable outcome and is fostered by positive…
9. 9Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence (Ages 12 to 18)Adequate nutrition and a balanced diet are crucial during adolescence to support growth, development, and overall health.
10. 10Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence (Ages 12 to 18)The exploration of and commitment to an identity is a prominent psychological achievement of adolescence in which teens explore their identity, consider their past experiences, and explore societal expectations and…
11. 11Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood (Ages 18 to 29)Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood proposes that the time period from ages eighteen to twenty-five is a time of identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and being in an age of possibilities.
12. 12Social and Emotional Development in Early Adulthood (Ages 18 to 29)Feelings of helplessness or indecision known as the quarter-life crisis can be offset by self-reflection and perceived social support
13. 13Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood (Ages 30 to 59)Presbyopia results in loss of visual acuity.
14. 14Social and Emotional Development in Middle Adulthood (Ages 30 to 59)While the transitions at this time of life can be challenging, anxiety associated with these changes can be managed through mature defense mechanisms
15. 15Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood (Age 60 and Beyond)Possible causes to explain why people physically age focus on the effects of stress hormones, telomeres, free radicals, bodily wear and tear, and genetic variability
16. 16Social and Emotional Development in Late Adulthood (Age 60 and Beyond)Stereotypes can lead to ageism and discrimination
17. 17Death, Dying, and GrievingDeath can involve not just death of the physical body, but also loss of the self and relationships.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Economics 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Welcome to Economics!Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy.
2. 2Choice in a World of ScarcityThe budget constraint, which is the frontier of the opportunity set, illustrates the range of available choices.
3. 3Demand and SupplyThe equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and demand curves cross.
4. 4Labor and Financial MarketsIn the demand and supply analysis of financial markets, the “price” is the rate of return or the interest rate received.
5. 5ElasticityAn inelastic demand or supply curve is one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
6. 6Consumer ChoicesHowever, the additional utility people receive from each unit of greater consumption tends to decline in a pattern of diminishing marginal utility
7. 7Production, Costs, and Industry StructureWhile accounting profit considers only explicit costs, economic profit considers both explicit and implicit costs
8. 8Perfect CompetitionPerfect competition means that there are many sellers, there is easy entry and exiting of firms, products are identical from one seller to another, and sellers are price takers
9. 9MonopolyThese barriers include: economies of scale that lead to natural monopoly; control of a physical resource; legal restrictions on competition; patent, trademark and copyright protection; and practices to intimidate the…
10. 10Monopolistic Competition and OligopolyMonopolistic competition refers to a market where many firms sell differentiated products.
11. 11Monopoly and Antitrust PolicyAntitrust laws seek to ensure active competition in markets, sometimes by preventing large firms from forming through mergers and acquisitions, sometimes by regulating business practices that might restrict…
12. 12Environmental Protection and Negative ExternalitiesAn externality, which is sometimes also called a spillover, can have a negative or a positive impact on the third party.
13. 13Positive Externalities and Public GoodsNew technology often has positive externalities; that is, there are often spillovers from the invention of new technology that benefit firms other than the innovator.
14. 14Labor Markets and IncomeProfit maximizing firms employ labor up to the point where the market wage is equal to the firm’s demand for labor.
15. 15Poverty and Economic InequalityThe poverty rate is what percentage of the population lives below the poverty line, which the amount of income that it takes to purchase the necessities of life determines.
16. 16Information, Risk, and InsuranceIn goods markets, buyers facing imperfect information about products may depend upon money-back guarantees, warranties, service contracts, and reputation.
17. 17Financial MarketsCorporate bonds are issued by firms; municipal bonds are issued by cities, state bonds by U.S.
18. 18Public EconomyLogrolling refers to a situation in which two or more legislators agree to vote for each other’s legislation, which can then encourage pork-barrel spending in many districts
19. 19The Macroeconomic PerspectiveTo avoid double counting, GDP counts only final output of goods and services, not the production of intermediate goods or the value of labor in the chain of production
20. 20Economic GrowthThe Industrial Revolution facilitated the extensive process of economic growth, that economists often refer to as modern economic growth.
21. 21UnemploymentA person without a job must be willing and able to work and actively looking for work to be counted as unemployed; otherwise, a person without a job is counted as out of the labor force.
22. 22InflationEconomists often express the price level in terms of index numbers, which transform the cost of buying the basket of goods and services into a series of numbers in the same proportion to each other, but with an…
23. 23The International Trade and Capital FlowsThe current account balance includes the trade in goods, services, and money flowing into and out of a country from investments and unilateral transfers
24. 24The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply ModelNeoclassical economists emphasize Say’s law, which holds that supply creates its own demand.
25. 25The Keynesian PerspectiveThe latter is an example of a macroeconomic externality.
26. 26The Neoclassical PerspectiveThe neoclassical perspective argues that, in the long run, the economy will adjust back to its potential GDP level of output through flexible price levels.
27. 27Money and BankingM2 includes all of M1, plus savings deposits, time deposits like certificates of deposit, and money market funds
28. 28Monetary Policy and Bank RegulationA bank run occurs when there are rumors (possibly true, possibly false) that a bank is at financial risk of having negative net worth.
29. 29Exchange Rates and International Capital FlowsIn the foreign exchange market, people and firms exchange one currency to purchase another currency.
30. 30Government Budgets and Fiscal PolicyWhen a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it is said to have a budget deficit.
31. 31The Impacts of Government BorrowingThe theory of Ricardian equivalence holds that changes in private saving will offset changes in government borrowing or saving.
32. 32Macroeconomic Policy Around the WorldMacroeconomic policy goals for most countries strive toward low levels of unemployment and inflation, as well as stable trade balances.
33. 33International TradeA country has an absolute advantage in those products in which it has a productivity edge over other countries; it can produce more of a product.
34. 34Globalization and ProtectionismThere are three tools for restricting the flow of trade: tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Macroeconomics 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Welcome to Economics!Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy.
2. 2Choice in a World of ScarcityThe budget constraint, which is the frontier of the opportunity set, illustrates the range of available choices.
3. 3Demand and SupplyThe equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and demand curves cross.
4. 4Labor and Financial MarketsIn the demand and supply analysis of financial markets, the “price” is the rate of return or the interest rate received.
5. 5ElasticityAn inelastic demand or supply curve is one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
6. 6The Macroeconomic PerspectiveTo avoid double counting, GDP counts only final output of goods and services, not the production of intermediate goods or the value of labor in the chain of production
7. 7Economic GrowthThe Industrial Revolution facilitated the extensive process of economic growth, that economists often refer to as modern economic growth.
8. 8UnemploymentA person without a job must be willing and able to work and actively looking for work to be counted as unemployed; otherwise, a person without a job is counted as out of the labor force.
9. 9InflationEconomists often express the price level in terms of index numbers, which transform the cost of buying the basket of goods and services into a series of numbers in the same proportion to each other, but with an…
10. 10The International Trade and Capital FlowsThe current account balance includes the trade in goods, services, and money flowing into and out of a country from investments and unilateral transfers
11. 11The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply ModelNeoclassical economists emphasize Say’s law, which holds that supply creates its own demand.
12. 12The Keynesian PerspectiveThe latter is an example of a macroeconomic externality.
13. 13The Neoclassical PerspectiveThe neoclassical perspective argues that, in the long run, the economy will adjust back to its potential GDP level of output through flexible price levels.
14. 14Money and BankingM2 includes all of M1, plus savings deposits, time deposits like certificates of deposit, and money market funds
15. 15Monetary Policy and Bank RegulationA bank run occurs when there are rumors (possibly true, possibly false) that a bank is at financial risk of having negative net worth.
16. 16Exchange Rates and International Capital FlowsIn the foreign exchange market, people and firms exchange one currency to purchase another currency.
17. 17Government Budgets and Fiscal PolicyWhen a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it is said to have a budget deficit.
18. 18The Impacts of Government BorrowingThe theory of Ricardian equivalence holds that changes in private saving will offset changes in government borrowing or saving.
19. 19Macroeconomic Policy Around the WorldMacroeconomic policy goals for most countries strive toward low levels of unemployment and inflation, as well as stable trade balances.
20. 20International TradeA country has an absolute advantage in those products in which it has a productivity edge over other countries; it can produce more of a product.
21. 21Globalization and ProtectionismThere are three tools for restricting the flow of trade: tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Microeconomics 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Welcome to Economics!Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy.
2. 2Choice in a World of ScarcityThe budget constraint, which is the frontier of the opportunity set, illustrates the range of available choices.
3. 3Demand and SupplyThe equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and demand curves cross.
4. 4Labor and Financial MarketsIn the demand and supply analysis of financial markets, the “price” is the rate of return or the interest rate received.
5. 5ElasticityAn inelastic demand or supply curve is one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
6. 6Consumer ChoicesHowever, the additional utility people receive from each unit of greater consumption tends to decline in a pattern of diminishing marginal utility
7. 7Production, Costs, and Industry StructureWhile accounting profit considers only explicit costs, economic profit considers both explicit and implicit costs
8. 8Perfect CompetitionPerfect competition means that there are many sellers, there is easy entry and exiting of firms, products are identical from one seller to another, and sellers are price takers
9. 9MonopolyThese barriers include: economies of scale that lead to natural monopoly; control of a physical resource; legal restrictions on competition; patent, trademark and copyright protection; and practices to intimidate the…
10. 10Monopolistic Competition and OligopolyMonopolistic competition refers to a market where many firms sell differentiated products.
11. 11Monopoly and Antitrust PolicyAntitrust laws seek to ensure active competition in markets, sometimes by preventing large firms from forming through mergers and acquisitions, sometimes by regulating business practices that might restrict…
12. 12Environmental Protection and Negative ExternalitiesAn externality, which is sometimes also called a spillover, can have a negative or a positive impact on the third party.
13. 13Positive Externalities and Public GoodsNew technology often has positive externalities; that is, there are often spillovers from the invention of new technology that benefit firms other than the innovator.
14. 14Labor Markets and IncomeProfit maximizing firms employ labor up to the point where the market wage is equal to the firm’s demand for labor.
15. 15Poverty and Economic InequalityThe poverty rate is what percentage of the population lives below the poverty line, which the amount of income that it takes to purchase the necessities of life determines.
16. 16Information, Risk, and InsuranceIn goods markets, buyers facing imperfect information about products may depend upon money-back guarantees, warranties, service contracts, and reputation.
17. 17Financial MarketsCorporate bonds are issued by firms; municipal bonds are issued by cities, state bonds by U.S.
18. 18Public EconomyLogrolling refers to a situation in which two or more legislators agree to vote for each other’s legislation, which can then encourage pork-barrel spending in many districts
19. 19International TradeA country has an absolute advantage in those products in which it has a productivity edge over other countries; it can produce more of a product.
20. 20Globalization and ProtectionismThere are three tools for restricting the flow of trade: tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers.

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One lesson for each chapter of Psychology 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction to PsychologyPsychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior.
2. 2Psychological ResearchIn this way, research enables scientists to separate fact from simple opinion.
3. 3BiopsychologyWhile glia generally play supporting roles, the communication between neurons is fundamental to all of the functions associated with the nervous system.
4. 4States of ConsciousnessImportant factors in these changes are the biological rhythms, and, more specifically, the circadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
5. 5Sensation and PerceptionPerception involves the organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations.
6. 6LearningThere are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
7. 7Thinking and IntelligenceLanguage is a communication system that has both a lexicon and a system of grammar.
8. 8MemoryStorage is retention of the information, and retrieval is the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.
9. 9Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan development explores how we change and grow from conception to death.
10. 10Emotion and MotivationMotivation to engage in a given behavior can come from internal and/or external factors.
11. 11PersonalityFreud also proposed three components to our personality: the id, ego, and superego.
12. 12Social PsychologyLay people tend to over-rely on dispositional explanations for behavior and ignore the power of situational influences, a perspective called the fundamental attribution error.
13. 13Industrial-Organizational PsychologyThis movement aided in expanding industrial psychology to include organizational psychology
14. 14Stress, Lifestyle, and HealthHans Selye, a noted endocrinologist, referred to these physiological reactions to stress as part of general adaptation syndrome, which occurs in three stages: alarm reaction (fight-or-flight reactions begin)…
15. 15Psychological DisordersThe diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders is essential in studying and treating psychopathology.
16. 16Therapy and TreatmentIn the mid-1960s, the deinstitutionalization movement gained support and asylums were closed, enabling people with mental illness to return home and receive treatment in their own communities.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Philosophy, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction to PhilosophyParticularly in Greece, the sage tradition blends into a period of natural philosophy, where ancient scientists or philosophers try to explain nature using rational methods
2. 2Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and WritingThe relationship between mind and brain is one of the central problems of metaphysics, known as the “mind-body problem.” The mind-body problem is the problem of understanding the relationship between the organic gray…
3. 3The Early History of Philosophy around the WorldIn Greek, this movement is described as a move from mythos to logos, where mythos signifies the supernatural stories we tell, while logos signifies the rational, logical, and scientific stories we tell.
4. 4The Emergence of Classical PhilosophyThe presentist approach to the history of philosophy examines philosophical texts for the arguments they contain and judges whether their conclusions remain relevant for philosophical concerns today.
5. 5Logic and ReasoningThere are laws of logic—the law of noncontradiction and the law of the excluded middle.
6. 6MetaphysicsThere are different answers to the question “What is the self?” The Judeo-Christian view tends to posit the “really real,” or the true self, in terms of a soul.
7. 7EpistemologyTraditional epistemology focuses on propositional knowledge, which is knowledge of facts or statements.
8. 8Value TheoryThe naturalistic fallacy is an error in reasoning that assumes we can derive values (what we ought to do) from facts about the world (what is the case).
9. 9Normative Moral TheoryIt is commonly divided into three main areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics, each of which is distinguished by a different level of inquiry.
10. 10Applied EthicsImportant contemporary ethical issues in bioethics include abortion, euthanasia, and clinical trials.
11. 11Political PhilosophyIn Plato’s imagined city, the most just city is one in which each member of society occupies the social role they are the best equipped for based on their talents.
12. 12Contemporary Philosophies and Social TheoriesEnlightenment thinkers proposed that human reason, coupled with empirical study of the physical world, would lead to progress—the advancement of science and the improvement of the human condition.

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One lesson for each chapter of U.S. History, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492Great civilizations had risen and fallen in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
2. 2Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650Although Portugal opened the door to exploration of the Atlantic World, Spanish explorers quickly made inroads into the Americas.
3. 3Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700Augustine and Santa Fe, the Spanish never found the fabled mountains of gold they sought.
4. 4Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763In addition to wresting control of New York and New Jersey from the Dutch, Charles II established the Carolinas and Pennsylvania as proprietary colonies.
5. 5Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774The British Empire had gained supremacy in North America with its victory over the French in 1763.
6. 6America's War for Independence, 1775-1783In Massachusetts and other New England colonies, militias like the minutemen prepared for war by stockpiling weapons and ammunition.
7. 7Creating Republican Governments, 1776–1790The debate over how much democracy (majority rule) to incorporate in the governing of the new United States raised questions about who was best qualified to participate in government and have the right to vote.
8. 8Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790–1820While many of the Anti-Federalists’ fears were assuaged by the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791, the early 1790s nevertheless witnessed the rise of two political parties: the Federalists and the…
9. 9Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850Industrialization led to radical changes in American life.
10. 10Jacksonian Democracy, 1820–1840The early 1800s saw an age of deference give way to universal manhood suffrage and a new type of political organization based on loyalty to the party.
11. 11A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 1800–1860The Louisiana Purchase and the journey of Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery captured the imagination of many, who dedicated themselves to the economic exploitation of the western lands and the expansion of American…
12. 12Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 1800–1860When the international slave trade was outlawed in 1808, the domestic slave trade exploded, providing economic opportunities for White people involved in many aspects of the trade and increasing the possibility of…
13. 13Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 1820–1860Leaders of the Second Great Awakening like Charles G.
14. 14Troubled Times: the Tumultuous 1850sThe application of popular sovereignty to the organization of the Kansas and Nebraska territories ended the sectional truce that had prevailed since the Compromise of 1850.
15. 15The Civil War, 1860–1865With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War began
16. 16The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877Radical Republicans in Congress disagreed, however, and in the years ahead would put forth their own plan of Reconstruction
17. 17Go West Young Man! Westward Expansion, 1840-1900While a few bold settlers had moved westward before the middle of the nineteenth century, they were the exception, not the rule.
18. 18Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900Inventors in the late nineteenth century flooded the market with new technological advances.
19. 19The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900Churches, civic organizations, and the secular settlement house movement all sought to provide some relief to the urban working class, but conditions remained brutal for many new city dwellers
20. 20Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900All told, from 1872 through 1892, Gilded Age politics were little more than political showmanship.
21. 21Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920In its first decade, the Progressive Era was a grassroots effort that ushered in reforms at state and local levels.
22. 22Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914In the last decades of the nineteenth century, after the Civil War, the United States pivoted from a profoundly isolationist approach to a distinct zeal for American expansion.
23. 23Americans and the Great War, 1914-1919After his 1916 reelection, however, the free trade associated with neutrality proved impossible to secure against the total war strategies of the belligerents, particularly Germany’s submarine warfare.
24. 24The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929For many middle-class Americans, the 1920s was a decade of unprecedented prosperity.
25. 25Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? The Great Depression, 1929-1932The prosperous decade leading up to the stock market crash of 1929, with easy access to credit and a culture that encouraged speculation and risk-taking, put into place the conditions for the country’s fall.
26. 26Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941During the four-month interregnum, however, Americans continued to endure President Hoover’s failed policies, which led the winter of 1932-1933 to be the worst of the Depression, with unemployment rising to record levels
27. 27Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945But as the Great Depression hit Europe, several new leaders rose to power under the new political ideologies of Fascism and Nazism.
28. 28Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960The GI Bill eased many veterans’ return by providing them with unemployment compensation, low-interest loans, and money to further their education; however, African American, Mexican American, and gay veterans were…
29. 29Contesting Futures: America in the 1960sHowever, Johnson’s insistence on maintaining American commitments in Vietnam, a policy begun by his predecessors, hurt both his ability to realize his vision of the Great Society and his support among the American people
30. 30Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980In the late 1960s and 1970s, Native Americans, LGBTQ people, and women organized to change discriminatory laws and pursue government support for their interests, a strategy known as identity politics.
31. 31From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000Implementing a series of economic policies dubbed “Reaganomics,” the president sought to stimulate the economy while shrinking the size of the federal government and providing relief for the nation’s wealthiest…
32. 32The Challenges of the Twenty-First CenturyBush’s first term in office began with al-Qaeda’s deadly attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.

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One lesson for each chapter of World History, Volume 1: to 1500, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Understanding the PastYou will gain critical-thinking and analysis skills that will help you fulfill the role of a global citizen in our interconnected world.
2. 2Early HumansFor about the last thirty thousand years, modern humans, or Homo sapiens , have been the only human species walking the Earth.
3. 3Early Civilizations and Urban SocietiesThe Sumerian city-states under the rule of their lugals or kings commonly waged war against one another and against a stream of foreign invaders
4. 4The Near EastDuring the Iron Age that followed, the Near East underwent an even deeper transformation as the Neo-Assyrians created the first empire to control both Mesopotamia and Egypt.
5. 5Asia in Ancient TimesThe Xiongnu, for instance, fought with the Chinese for control of the Silk Roads.
6. 6Mediterranean PeoplesThe Late Bronze Age witnessed the development of a common culture that linked the diverse states of the eastern Mediterranean from Asia to the Aegean region.
7. 7Experiencing the Roman EmpireThe domus , or family home, was where wealthy Romans conducted much of their business; a Roman patron would invite his clients to his home, and luxurious estates were places of wealth display.
8. 8The Americas in Ancient TimesDuring the last glacial period, modern humans crossed Beringia and entered the Americas for the first time, migrating across North, Central, and South America.
9. 9Africa in Ancient TimesGeography played a critical role in the development of early human civilization in Africa.
10. 10Empires of FaithBoth Constantine and the Christian emperors who succeeded him attempted to manage the church and Christian orthodoxy through ecumenical councils, new laws, and increased bureaucratization in the Roman government.
11. 11The Rise of Islam and the CaliphatesThe issue of leadership following Muhammad’s death caused immediate tensions within the Islamic ummah even as the first four caliphs, the Rashidun, oversaw significant territorial expansion.
12. 12India, the Indian Ocean Basin, and East AsiaThe new religion of Islam came into India with waves of invaders, from Turkic speakers of central Asia to Arabs from the distant west.
13. 13The Post-Roman West and the Crusading MovementThe early Middle Ages helped set the stage for a new society to emerge from Roman, Christian, and Germanic traditions, and for a revival of the classical world to influence the rise of Islamic culture.
14. 14Pax Mongolica: The Steppe Empire of the MongolsBy 1204, Temujin was the unchallenged ruler of the People of the Felt Walls
15. 15States and Societies in Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica’s ancient migrations diffused technological and cultural innovations that helped establish settlements later enriched by the spread of new belief systems.
16. 16Climate Change and Plague in the Fourteenth CenturyThe field of historical climatology has enabled historians to combine analyses of written sources with data about the ecological environment of the past.
17. 17The Ottomans, the Mamluks, and the MingFollowing the sack of Constantinople by crusaders and the Mongols’ defeat of the Seljuk Turks, the Ottomans emerged as a power in northwestern Anatolia.

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One lesson for each chapter of World History, Volume 2: from 1400, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Understanding the PastYou will gain critical-thinking and analysis skills that will help you fulfill the role of a global citizen in our interconnected world.
2. 2Exchange in East Asia and the Indian OceanAlthough Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, a Muslim who founded the Mughal Empire, made little effort to assimilate to Indian culture, his grandson Akbar forged a culture that incorporated Indian and Persian, Hindu and…
3. 3Early Modern Africa and the Wider WorldUntil the sixteenth century, caravans routinely plied the sands of the Sahara, moving goods, especially gold, from distant West Africa to centers of trade in North Africa and Egypt.
4. 4The Islamic WorldBut although no single powerful caliphate held all these areas together, the religion of Islam allowed for a degree of cohesiveness and unity, despite theological disagreements.
5. 5Foundations of the Atlantic WorldSome scholars in northern Europe had turned to Christian humanism as a means of making people more pious and thus achieving religious reform.
6. 6Colonization and Economic ExpansionThe Seven Years’ War (1754-1763) established a new balance of power in Europe in which Britain emerged as the dominant empire.
7. 7Revolutions in Europe and North AmericaOver the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the public sphere became an increasingly important component in the spread and development of Enlightenment ideas.
8. 8Revolutions in Latin AmericaThe overthrow of the Spanish monarchy by the French gave creoles the opportunity to participate in local self-governing bodies called juntas, and some were delegates to meetings of the Spanish Cortes, a national…
9. 9Expansion in the Industrial AgeIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the world’s industrialized nations—Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and the United States—entered the Second Industrial Revolution.
10. 10Life and Labor in the Industrial WorldDuring the Second Industrial Revolution, life in industrialized nations changed dramatically.
11. 11The War to End All WarsAt the beginning of the twentieth century, Europe was controlled by a series of alliances that served to check any one power from becoming too large.
12. 12The Interwar PeriodThe 1919 Treaty of Versailles fully blamed Germany for the war and sought to punish it by assessing reparations of more than $33 billion and physically shrinking the country.
13. 13The Causes and Consequences of World War IIAs the 1930s unfolded, it became clear that peace would not last for long.
14. 14Cold War ConflictsThe Soviet Union responded by forming the Warsaw Pact with the Eastern Bloc countries of Eastern Europe
15. 15The Contemporary World and Ongoing ChallengesThe poorest groups are also most commonly exploited by MNCs that contract with large factories or sweatshops in developing countries.

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One lesson for each chapter of Writing Guide with Handbook, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Digital World: Building on What You Already Know to Respond CriticallyArticulate the importance of inquiry, learning, critical thinking, and communicating in varying rhetorical and cultural contexts
2. 2Language, Identity, and Culture: Exploring, Employing, EmbracingArticulate how language use can promote social justice and equality
3. 3Literacy Narrative: Building Bridges, Bridging GapsThe language you use also signals the ways in which you are rooted in specific culture , or groups of people who share common beliefs and lived experiences.
4. 4Memoir or Personal Narrative: Learning Lessons from the PersonalRead in several genres to understand how genre conventions shape and are shaped by readers’ and writers’ practices and purposes
5. 5Profile: Telling a Rich and Compelling StoryBeginning with its first issue in 1925, The New Yorker magazine has run a regular feature called "Profiles." The earliest of this series of biographical sketches combined the elements still in use for profiles today…
6. 6Proposal: Writing About Problems and SolutionsAsk critical-thinking questions about problems to explore an idea for a proposal
7. 7Evaluation or Review: Would You Recommend It?Articulate what differentiates the review genre from other genres
8. 8Analytical Report: Writing from FactsAsk critical thinking questions to explore an idea for a report
9. 9Rhetorical Analysis: Interpreting the Art of RhetoricThe emphasis is on the word how , because the how is what starts you on the path of analyzing the forms, intent, and effectiveness of communication.
10. 10Position Argument: Practicing the Art of RhetoricThe genre for this chapter is a position arguments .
11. 11Reasoning Strategies: Improving Critical ThinkingFor the purposes of this course, logic means “reasoning based on thought and evidence.” In practical terms, logic is the ability to analyze and evaluate persuasive or argument writing for effectiveness.
12. 12Argumentative Research: Enhancing the Art of Rhetoric with EvidenceThe writing tasks for this chapter and the next two chapters are based on argumentative research.
13. 13Research Process: Accessing and Recording InformationAccess to information is generally not a problem; the problem is knowing where to find the information you need and how to distinguish among types and qualities of sources.
14. 14Annotated Bibliography: Gathering, Evaluating, and Documenting SourcesEach set of source information, or each individual entry, listed in the bibliography or noted within the body of the composition is called a citation
15. 15Case Study Profile: What One Person Says About AllTo gain more knowledge of or insights into human behavior, thoughts, or emotions, researchers conduct observations of participants.
16. 16Print or Textual Analysis: What You ReadDemonstrate critical thinking and communicating in various rhetorical contexts
17. 17Image Analysis: What You SeeBoth stories and pictures contain information presented by a creator who has a particular point of view and arranges the work in two-dimensional space.
18. 18Multimodal and Online Writing: Creative Interaction between Text and ImageThe writing genre for this chapter incorporates a variety of modalities.
19. 19Scripting for the Public Forum: Writing to SpeakArticulate how genre conventions shape and are shaped by readers’ and writers’ practices and purposes
20. 20Portfolio Reflection: Your Growth as a WriterBecause the subject of this reflection is you and your work, no further research is required.

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One lesson for each chapter of Additive Manufacturing Essentials, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Fundamentals of Additive ManufacturingAM is akin to a family of children where each child is a different age and they are not all maturing at the same rate but eventually, they will become strong contributors to society.
2. 2Core AM Technologies and Supporting ProcessesThe most common processes are vat-based processes, powder processes, liquid addition processes, molten material processes, and solid material processes.
3. 3AM MaterialsIt is clear that there are many materials available for AM, but in the larger world of engineered materials used in final applications, only a few dozen materials are regularly deployed for long-use AM components.
4. 4Design for Additive ManufacturingMfAM of parts is a common transition when a company is working to leverage all the benefits of AM.
5. 5CertificationAs we now begin to cover qualification, it is important to keep in mind that the primary goal of qualification is demonstrating that the production system (factory, personnel, AM machines, post-processing, feedstock…
6. 6Additive Manufacturing QualificationQualification in additive manufacturing (AM) ensures that machines, facilities, personnel, and feedstock meet stringent requirements for consistent, reliable production.
7. 7The Additive Manufacturing Digital ThreadCertainly as you continue on the journey of understanding and applying the lessons of this textbook, keeping in mind the AM digital thread is an important element to further enhance your ability to leverage the…
8. 8The Business of Additive ManufacturingHumans have carved things out of rock and wood, or formed parts from metal for centuries.

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One lesson for each chapter of Business Ethics, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Why Ethics MatterThe first steps are to ask ourselves how we define success and to understand that integrity calls on us to act in a way that is consistent with our words.
2. 2Ethics from Antiquity to the PresentHe believed a person’s actions determined whether he or she was virtuous, and the point of the virtuous life was happiness, or eudaimonia
3. 3Defining and Prioritizing StakeholdersSuch classifications may include enabling stakeholders, normative stakeholders, functional stakeholders, and diffused stakeholders.
4. 4Three Special Stakeholders: Society, the Environment, and GovernmentDespite the ongoing ethical debate, being a good corporate citizen is a goal toward which most contemporary corporations strive.
5. 5The Impact of Culture and Time on Business EthicsWith increasingly diverse domestic and global markets and the spread of consumerism, companies must consider the ethical implications of outsourcing production and resist the temptation to look the other way when their…
6. 6What Employers Owe EmployeesThere is a financial payoff in that a well-treated workforce is also a productive one
7. 7What Employees Owe EmployersInternal marketing is one process by which a company instills employee commitment to the brand and builds loyalty in its workforce.
8. 8Recognizing and Respecting the Rights of AllDiversity may also bring some initial challenges, and some employees can be reluctant to see its advantages, but committed managers can deal with these obstacles effectively and make diversity a success through inclusion
9. 9Professions under the MicroscopeThe opportunities to create a company, be your own boss, make a dramatic impact on business, establish an entrepreneurial culture that will be adopted by others, and possibly become rich in the process certainly all…
10. 10Changing Work Environments and Future TrendsSome challenges of telecommuting for the manager are maintaining the privacy of the firm’s data, transmitting corporate culture, defining performance objectives, and encouraging collaboration.
11. 11Epilogue: Why Ethics Still MatterNot only does the world seem to have shrunk, but the twenty-first century pace of change seems to have sped up time itself.

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One lesson for each chapter of Business Law I Essentials 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1American Law, Legal Reasoning, and the Legal SystemThe American legal system has its roots in the British legal system.
2. 2Disputes and Dispute SettlementWhen a formal proceeding is started in the court system, alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ), or ways of solving an issue with the intent to avoid litigation , may be employed.
3. 3Business Ethics and Social ResponsibilityBusiness ethics are considered to be the blueprint for building a successful organization.
4. 4Business and the United States ConstitutionThe political system that divides authority to govern between the state and federal governments is known as federalism , and this too is established in the Constitution.
5. 5Criminal LiabilityMany of the workplace violations are nonviolent crimes, such as fraud, property crimes, or drug- or alcohol-related infractions.
6. 6The Tort SystemCivil suits arise from damages suffered by one or more persons or entities at the hands of another person or entity.
7. 7Contract LawThe key to a contract is that there must be an offer, and acceptance of the terms of that offer.
8. 8Sales ContractsA contract of sale is a specific type of contract in which one party is obligated to deliver and transfer ownership of a good to a second party, who in turn is obligated to pay for the good in money, or its equivalent.
9. 9Employment and Labor LawWorkers have the right to be safe at work, and companies have responsibilities to employees in the event that they are harmed while undertaking work on behalf of the employer.
10. 10Government RegulationCongress writes out a law called an organic statute that lays out the purpose and structure of the agency.
11. 11Antitrust LawWhat if the two largest manufacturers of soft drinks, Coca Cola Co.
12. 12Unfair Trade Practices and the Federal Trade CommissionThe FTC was created in 1914 to address the problem of monopolies and trusts.
13. 13International LawIn 1945, President Harry Truman stated, “When Kansas and Colorado have a quarrel over the water in the Arkansas River they don’t call out the National Guard in each state and go to war over it.
14. 14Securities RegulationAs explained in the previous section, many companies were initially irritated by the creation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as it created a myriad of legal responsibilities and potential liabilities that…

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One lesson for each chapter of Entrepreneurship, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1The Entrepreneurial PerspectiveOn the opposite end of the spectrum, entrepreneurs can take on lifestyle ventures and become serial entrepreneurs.
2. 2The Entrepreneurial Journey and PathwaysThe seven steps outlined in this section will provide you with a perspective of what you might encounter on your entrepreneurial venture
3. 3The Ethical and Social Responsibilities of EntrepreneursThe first section of this chapter explores the relationship between entrepreneurship, ethics, social responsibility, and the law.
4. 4Creativity, Innovation, and InventionThis reinforces the idea that creative thinking is a practice, that it can be guided, and that sometimes a combination of open thinking and rule following is ideal for collaborative creativity.
5. 5Identifying Entrepreneurial OpportunityEntrepreneurial opportunity exists when consumer demand meets the feasibility of bringing the product or service to market.
6. 6Problem Solving and Need Recognition TechniquesProblem-solving skills include critical thinking, communication, decisiveness, resourcefulness, business and industry awareness, and an ability to analyze data.
7. 7Telling Your Entrepreneurial Story and Pitching the IdeaThe most basic formula for telling the story of your innovation is the problem-solution narrative.
8. 8Entrepreneurial Marketing and SalesOne way to think of the marketing mix is to break it into the 7Ps: product, promotion, price, place, people, physical environment, and process.
9. 9Entrepreneurial Finance and AccountingEquity financing provides the entrepreneur with maximum flexibility: Dividends are not required and can be made when cash flow is strong enough to meet all obligations of the firm.
10. 10Launch for Growth to SuccessThe lean startup method provides an opportunity for companies to approach management in a measurable and provable way.
11. 11Business Model and PlanThe lean model canvas and social business model canvas are derivations of the original business model canvas.
12. 12Building Networks and FoundationsEntrepreneurial networking is interacting with other people who have a common interest that eventually leads to the exchange of goods and services for payment.
13. 13Business Structure Options: Legal, Tax, and Risk IssuesThis is primarily a tax decision, with C corporations being taxed as corporations, and S corporations being taxed as partnerships.
14. 14Fundamentals of Resource PlanningIntangible resources cannot be seen, touched, or felt.
15. 15Next StepsThe company culture should be defined, and a code of conduct developed.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Business 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Understanding Economic Systems and BusinessA business is an organization that strives for a profit by providing goods and services desired by its customers.
2. 2Making Ethical Decisions and Managing a Socially Responsible BusinessThe first step in understanding business ethics is learning to recognize an ethical issue .
3. 3Competing in the Global MarketplaceManagers must develop a global vision if they are to recognize and react to international business opportunities, as well as remain competitive at home.
4. 4Forms of Business OwnershipShepherd chose the sole proprietorship form of business organization—a business that is established, owned, operated, and often financed by one person—because it was the easiest to set up.
5. 5Entrepreneurship: Starting and Managing Your Own BusinessThere are over 36 million small businesses in the United States
6. 6Management and Leadership in Today's OrganizationsThis process is based in four key functional areas of the organization: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
7. 7Designing Organizational StructuresDetermining work activities and dividing up tasks (division of labor)
8. 8Managing Human Resources and Labor RelationsThe process is sequential because employees can’t be trained and paid until selected and placed in jobs, which follows recruitment, which is preceded by human resource planning and job analysis and design.
9. 9Motivating EmployeesAs such, motivation is essentially a need- and want-satisfying process.
10. 10Achieving World-Class Operations ManagementThe goal of customer satisfaction is an important part of effective production and operations.
11. 11Creating Products and Pricing Strategies to Meet Customers' NeedsMarketing is the process of getting the right goods or services or ideas to the right people at the right place, time, and price, using the right promotion techniques and utilizing the appropriate people to provide the…
12. 12Distributing and Promoting Products and ServicesDistribution is efficiently managing the acquisition of raw materials by the factory and the movement of products from the producer or manufacturer to business-to-business (B2B) users and consumers.
13. 13Using Technology to Manage InformationInformation technology (IT) includes the equipment and techniques used to manage and process information.
14. 14Using Financial Information and AccountingPrior to 2001, accounting topics rarely made the news.
15. 15Understanding Money and Financial InstitutionsWhat is money, what are its characteristics and functions, and what are the three parts of the U.S.
16. 16Understanding Financial Management and Securities MarketsIt may not be as visible as marketing or production, but management of a firm’s finances is just as much a key to the firm’s success
17. 17Your Career in BusinessChoosing a career path is an important decision.

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One lesson for each chapter of Introduction to Intellectual Property, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Patent BasicsBefore reading this section, please watch the overview video below covering the usefulness of patents - how ironic that a system for granting exclusive rights to inventors is the greatest vehicle for knowledge-sharing…
2. 2Patent EnforcementUnderstand the basic rights of patent owners
3. 3Copyright BasicsIn the United States, the legal foundation for copyright is set forth, along with that for patents, in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S.
4. 4Trademark BasicsUnderstand trademarks and their properties
5. 5Trade Secret BasicsAfter completing this section, you will be able to

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One lesson for each chapter of Introductory Business Statistics 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Sampling and DataAfter you have studied probability and probability distributions, you will use formal methods for drawing conclusions from "good" data.
2. 2Descriptive StatisticsOne simple graph, the stem-and-leaf graph or stemplot , comes from the field of exploratory data analysis.
3. 3Probability TopicsIf A and B are any two mutually exclusive events, then P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B)
4. 4Discrete Random VariablesThe probability p of a success is the same for any trial (so the probability q = 1 - p of a failure is the same for any trial)
5. 5Continuous Random VariablesAgain with the Poisson distribution in Random Discrete Variables , the graph in Example 4.15 used boxes to represent the probability of specific values of the random variable.
6. 6The Normal DistributionThe standard normal distribution is a normal distribution of standardized values called z -scores .
7. 7The Central Limit TheoremEach sample mean is then treated like a single observation of this new distribution, the sampling distribution.
8. 8Confidence IntervalsInformation that is known about the distribution (for example, known standard deviation),
9. 9Hypothesis Testing with One SampleInformation that is known about the distribution (for example, known standard deviation)
10. 10Hypothesis Testing with Two SamplesThe comparison of two independent population means is very common and provides a way to test the hypothesis that the two groups differ from each other.
11. 11The Chi-Square DistributionFor the χ 2 distribution, the population mean is μ = df and the population standard deviation is σ = 2 ( d f )
12. 12F Distribution and One-Way ANOVAThe test statistic for analysis of variance is the F -ratio
13. 13Linear Regression and CorrelationThe type of data described in the examples above and for any model of cause and effect is bivariate data — "bi" for two variables.

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One lesson for each chapter of Organizational Behavior, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Management and Organizational BehaviorHere are some excerpts from his book Working .
2. 2Individual and Cultural DifferencesAs we can see in the example of Cathie Mahon, our unique personal characteristics can have a dramatic influence on both individual behavior and the behavior of those around us.
3. 3Perception and Job AttitudesBy perception , we mean the process by which one screens, selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli to give them meaning.
4. 4Learning and ReinforcementThat is, a person is said to have learned something when they consistently exhibit a new behavior over time.
5. 5Diversity in OrganizationsThe term managing diversity is commonly used to refer to ways in which organizations seek to ensure that members of diverse groups are valued and treated fairly within organizations 2 in all areas including hiring…
6. 6Perception and Managerial Decision MakingStakeholders are all the individuals or groups that are affected by an organization (such as customers, employees, shareholders, etc.)
7. 7Work Motivation for PerformanceThis includes the goals (outcomes) the person is expected to achieve and the process by which the goals will be achieved.
8. 8Performance Appraisal and RewardsPerformance appraisals are one of the most important and often one of the most mishandled aspects of management.
9. 9Group and Intergroup RelationsThere is substantial agreement among researchers and observers of small task groups that something important happens in group interaction which can affect performance outcomes.
10. 10Understanding and Managing Work TeamsWhether you work in a manufacturing environment and utilize self-directed work teams, or if you work in the “ knowledge economy ” and derive benefits from collaboration within a team structure, you are harnessing the…
11. 11CommunicationUnderstand and describe the communication process
12. 12LeadershipSome definitions consider leadership an act or behavior, such as initiating structure so group members know how to complete a task.
13. 13Organizational Power and PoliticsHere, power is defined and distinguished from the related concepts of authority and leadership, and several bases of power and aspects of power dependency are discussed.
14. 14Conflict and NegotiationsBy any standard of comparison, conflict in organizations represents an important topic for managers.
15. 15External and Internal Organizational Environments and Corporate CultureTo succeed and thrive, organizations must adapt, exploit, and fit with the forces in their external environments.
16. 16Organizational Structure and ChangeSecond, organizational design is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives
17. 17Human Resource ManagementThese are tools that may be used in talent development
18. 18Stress and Well BeingTo the extent that individuals are unable to adjust to work, we would expect them to persist in counterproductive behavior
19. 19EntrepreneurshipAnother prevalent type is family entrepreneurship —that is, when a business is owned and managed by multiple family members, usually for more than one generation.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Role of Accounting in SocietyFinancial accounting measures performance using financial reports and communicates results to those outside of the organization who may have an interest in the company’s performance, such as investors and creditors
2. 2Introduction to Financial StatementsThe income statement lists revenues, expenses, gains, and losses, which make up net income (or net loss)
3. 3Analyzing and Recording TransactionsThe Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is an independent, nonprofit organization that sets the standards for financial accounting and reporting standards for both public- and private-sector businesses in the…
4. 4The Adjustment ProcessThe next three steps in the accounting cycle are adjusting entries (journalizing and posting), preparing an adjusted trial balance, and preparing the financial statements.
5. 5Completing the Accounting CycleTemporary accounts: Temporary accounts are closed at the end of each accounting period and include income statement, dividends, and income summary accounts
6. 6Merchandising TransactionsTheir operating cycle begins with cash-on-hand, providing service to customers, and collecting customer payments
7. 7Accounting Information SystemsAn accounting information system is a set of business processes that record transactions using journals and ledgers (a paper-based system) or computer files (using a computerized system) to keep track of a company’s…
8. 8Fraud, Internal Controls, and CashDue to the nature of their functions, internal and external auditors, through the implementation of effective internal controls, are in excellent positions to prevent opportunity-based fraud
9. 9Accounting for ReceivablesAccounts receivable must satisfy the following criteria: the customer owes money and has yet to pay, the amount is due in less than a company’s operating cycle, and the account usually does not incur interest
10. 10InventoryThe total cost of goods available for sale is a combination of the beginning inventory plus new inventory purchases.
11. 11Long-Term AssetsExamples of intangible assets are patents, trademarks, copyrights, and goodwill
12. 12Current LiabilitiesCommon examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, unearned revenue, the current portion of a noncurrent note payable, and taxes payable
13. 13Long-Term LiabilitiesA bond indenture is a legal document containing the principal amount, maturity date, stated interest rate and other requirements of the bond issuer
14. 14Corporation AccountingThe disadvantages of operating as a corporation include the costs of organization, regulation, and potential double taxation
15. 15Partnership AccountingMutual agency and unlimited liability should be weighed against the tax benefits of partnership
16. 16Statement of Cash FlowsPreparing the operating section of statement of cash flows by the indirect method starts with net income from the income statement and adjusts for items that affect cash flows differently than they affect net income

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Accounting as a Tool for ManagersThe purpose of managerial accounting is to supply financial and nonfinancial information to the organization’s management and other internal decision makers
2. 2Building Blocks of Managerial AccountingFor manufacturing firms, it is essential that they differentiate among direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead in order to identify and manage their total product costs
3. 3Cost-Volume-Profit AnalysisA break-even point can be found on a per-unit basis or as a dollar amount, depending upon whether a per-unit contribution margin or a contribution margin ratio is applied
4. 4Job Order CostingThe cost of goods manufactured includes the beginning work in process inventory, the materials used in production, the direct labor assigned to each job, and the manufacturing overhead costs assigned, less the costs…
5. 5Process CostingProcess costing often groups direct labor and manufacturing overhead as conversion costs
6. 6Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption CostingOverhead is allocated to each product based on the estimated predetermined overhead rate and the number of units in the selected activity base
7. 7BudgetingA master budget includes the subcategories of operating budgets and financial budgets
8. 8Standard Costs and VariancesA favorable variance is when the actual price or quantity is less than the standard amount
9. 9Responsibility Accounting and DecentralizationManagement control systems allow managers to develop a reporting structure to help the organization meet its strategic goals
10. 10Short-Term Decision MakingDeciding to accept or reject a special order is a choice between alternatives
11. 11Capital Budgeting DecisionsThis process includes determining capital needs, exploring resource limitations, establishing baseline criteria for alternatives, evaluating alternatives using screening and preference decisions, and making the decision
12. 12Balanced Scorecard and Other Performance MeasuresWell-designed performance measurement systems help businesses achieve goal congruence between the company and the employees
13. 13Sustainability ReportingThis management goal is called business sustainability

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Data Science, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1What Are Data and Data Science?Data science is a field of study that investigates how to collect, manage, and analyze data of all types in order to retrieve meaningful information.
2. 2Collecting and Preparing DataThe gathered data is crucial for making sound interpretations and gaining meaningful insights.
3. 3Descriptive Statistics: Statistical Measurements and Probability DistributionsThese measures can help indicate where the bulk of the data is concentrated and are often called the data’s central tendency .
4. 4Inferential Statistics and Regression AnalysisData scientists interested in inferring the value of a population truth or parameter such as a population mean or a population proportion turn to inferential statistics.
5. 5Time Series and ForecastingTime series analysis allows for the examination of data points collected or recorded at specific time intervals, enabling the identification of trends, patterns, and seasonal variations crucial for making informed…
6. 6Decision-Making Using Machine Learning BasicsA machine learning (ML) model is a mathematical and computational model that attempts to find a relationship between input variables and output (response) variables of a dataset.
7. 7Deep Learning and AI BasicsThe goal of neural networks is for a computer algorithm to be able to classify these digits as well as a human
8. 8Ethics Throughout the Data Science CycleData collection is an essential practice in many fields, and those performing the data collection are responsible for adhering to the highest ethical standards so that the best interest of every any party affected by…
9. 9Visualizing DataUnivariate data includes observations or measurements on a single characteristic or attribute, and the data need to be converted in a structured format that is suitable for analysis and visualization.
10. 10Reporting ResultsSuch comprehensive reporting not only builds trust with the project team, but also contributes to the advancement of knowledge by enabling peer review and constructive feedback.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Economics 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Welcome to Economics!Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy.
2. 2Choice in a World of ScarcityThe budget constraint, which is the frontier of the opportunity set, illustrates the range of available choices.
3. 3Demand and SupplyThe equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and demand curves cross.
4. 4Labor and Financial MarketsIn the demand and supply analysis of financial markets, the “price” is the rate of return or the interest rate received.
5. 5ElasticityAn inelastic demand or supply curve is one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
6. 6Consumer ChoicesHowever, the additional utility people receive from each unit of greater consumption tends to decline in a pattern of diminishing marginal utility
7. 7Production, Costs, and Industry StructureWhile accounting profit considers only explicit costs, economic profit considers both explicit and implicit costs
8. 8Perfect CompetitionPerfect competition means that there are many sellers, there is easy entry and exiting of firms, products are identical from one seller to another, and sellers are price takers
9. 9MonopolyThese barriers include: economies of scale that lead to natural monopoly; control of a physical resource; legal restrictions on competition; patent, trademark and copyright protection; and practices to intimidate the…
10. 10Monopolistic Competition and OligopolyMonopolistic competition refers to a market where many firms sell differentiated products.
11. 11Monopoly and Antitrust PolicyAntitrust laws seek to ensure active competition in markets, sometimes by preventing large firms from forming through mergers and acquisitions, sometimes by regulating business practices that might restrict…
12. 12Environmental Protection and Negative ExternalitiesAn externality, which is sometimes also called a spillover, can have a negative or a positive impact on the third party.
13. 13Positive Externalities and Public GoodsNew technology often has positive externalities; that is, there are often spillovers from the invention of new technology that benefit firms other than the innovator.
14. 14Labor Markets and IncomeProfit maximizing firms employ labor up to the point where the market wage is equal to the firm’s demand for labor.
15. 15Poverty and Economic InequalityThe poverty rate is what percentage of the population lives below the poverty line, which the amount of income that it takes to purchase the necessities of life determines.
16. 16Information, Risk, and InsuranceIn goods markets, buyers facing imperfect information about products may depend upon money-back guarantees, warranties, service contracts, and reputation.
17. 17Financial MarketsCorporate bonds are issued by firms; municipal bonds are issued by cities, state bonds by U.S.
18. 18Public EconomyLogrolling refers to a situation in which two or more legislators agree to vote for each other’s legislation, which can then encourage pork-barrel spending in many districts
19. 19The Macroeconomic PerspectiveTo avoid double counting, GDP counts only final output of goods and services, not the production of intermediate goods or the value of labor in the chain of production
20. 20Economic GrowthThe Industrial Revolution facilitated the extensive process of economic growth, that economists often refer to as modern economic growth.
21. 21UnemploymentA person without a job must be willing and able to work and actively looking for work to be counted as unemployed; otherwise, a person without a job is counted as out of the labor force.
22. 22InflationEconomists often express the price level in terms of index numbers, which transform the cost of buying the basket of goods and services into a series of numbers in the same proportion to each other, but with an…
23. 23The International Trade and Capital FlowsThe current account balance includes the trade in goods, services, and money flowing into and out of a country from investments and unilateral transfers
24. 24The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply ModelNeoclassical economists emphasize Say’s law, which holds that supply creates its own demand.
25. 25The Keynesian PerspectiveThe latter is an example of a macroeconomic externality.
26. 26The Neoclassical PerspectiveThe neoclassical perspective argues that, in the long run, the economy will adjust back to its potential GDP level of output through flexible price levels.
27. 27Money and BankingM2 includes all of M1, plus savings deposits, time deposits like certificates of deposit, and money market funds
28. 28Monetary Policy and Bank RegulationA bank run occurs when there are rumors (possibly true, possibly false) that a bank is at financial risk of having negative net worth.
29. 29Exchange Rates and International Capital FlowsIn the foreign exchange market, people and firms exchange one currency to purchase another currency.
30. 30Government Budgets and Fiscal PolicyWhen a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it is said to have a budget deficit.
31. 31The Impacts of Government BorrowingThe theory of Ricardian equivalence holds that changes in private saving will offset changes in government borrowing or saving.
32. 32Macroeconomic Policy Around the WorldMacroeconomic policy goals for most countries strive toward low levels of unemployment and inflation, as well as stable trade balances.
33. 33International TradeA country has an absolute advantage in those products in which it has a productivity edge over other countries; it can produce more of a product.
34. 34Globalization and ProtectionismThere are three tools for restricting the flow of trade: tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Finance 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Introduction to FinanceThere are three broad areas of finance: business finance, investments, and financial markets and institutions
2. 2Corporate Structure and GovernanceThe most common forms of business organizations are sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and hybrids.
3. 3Economic Foundations: Money and RatesThe point of intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the equilibrium price and quantity
4. 4Accrual Accounting ProcessCash-basis accounting records revenues and expenses only when cash is received or distributed.
5. 5Financial StatementsIt is laid out to clearly depict and support the accounting equation: assets = liabilities + owner ’ s equity .
6. 6Measures of Financial HealthCommon ratios to measure liquidity include the current ratio, the quick ratio, and the cash ratio.
7. 7Time Value of Money I: Single Payment ValueBecause it is possible to earn interest income on cash that you decide to deposit in an investment or an interest-bearing account, money that you have now or receive sooner will be more valuable to you than the same…
8. 8Time Value of Money II: Equal Multiple PaymentsA perpetuity is an investment that is intended to provide an expected return indefinitely, either remaining constant or growing by an incremental amount.
9. 9Time Value of Money III: Unequal Multiple Payment ValuesThese future cash flows could involve inflows or outflows of cash in unequal amounts.
10. 10Bonds and Bond ValuationWhen interest rate yields are plotted against their respective maturity periods and these plotted points are connected, the resulting line is called the yield curve.
11. 11Stocks and Stock ValuationThe most common DDM is the Gordon growth model, which values stock entirely on expected future dividends.
12. 12Historical Performance of US MarketsThe Federal Reserve considers moderate inflation rates optimal in their oversight of the US economy.
13. 13Statistical Analysis in FinanceThe standard deviation and variance are measures of the spread of a data set.
14. 14Regression Analysis in FinanceA correlation coefficient called r is used to assess the strength and direction of the correlation.
15. 15How to Think about InvestingAs investors hold multiple assets in a portfolio, they are able to eliminate firm-specific risk.
16. 16How Companies Think about InvestingThe discounted payback period uses the time value of money to discount future cash flows to see how long it will be before the initial investment of a project is recovered.
17. 17How Firms Raise CapitalCapital structure refers to how a company finances its assets.
18. 18Financial ForecastingInterrelationships among historical data, the forecasted income statement, and the forecasted balance sheet are all used to estimate each line item in the financial statements
19. 19The Importance of Trade Credit and Working Capital in PlanningFinancial managers understand the significance of net working capital (current assets - current liabilities) and various liquidity ratios as they attempt to ensure that bills can be paid.
20. 20Risk Management and the Financial ManagerThis leads to transaction risk, translation risk, and economic risk as currency values change.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Macroeconomics 3e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Welcome to Economics!Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two different perspectives on the economy.
2. 2Choice in a World of ScarcityThe budget constraint, which is the frontier of the opportunity set, illustrates the range of available choices.
3. 3Demand and SupplyThe equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and demand curves cross.
4. 4Labor and Financial MarketsIn the demand and supply analysis of financial markets, the “price” is the rate of return or the interest rate received.
5. 5ElasticityAn inelastic demand or supply curve is one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
6. 6The Macroeconomic PerspectiveTo avoid double counting, GDP counts only final output of goods and services, not the production of intermediate goods or the value of labor in the chain of production
7. 7Economic GrowthThe Industrial Revolution facilitated the extensive process of economic growth, that economists often refer to as modern economic growth.
8. 8UnemploymentA person without a job must be willing and able to work and actively looking for work to be counted as unemployed; otherwise, a person without a job is counted as out of the labor force.
9. 9InflationEconomists often express the price level in terms of index numbers, which transform the cost of buying the basket of goods and services into a series of numbers in the same proportion to each other, but with an…
10. 10The International Trade and Capital FlowsThe current account balance includes the trade in goods, services, and money flowing into and out of a country from investments and unilateral transfers
11. 11The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply ModelNeoclassical economists emphasize Say’s law, which holds that supply creates its own demand.
12. 12The Keynesian PerspectiveThe latter is an example of a macroeconomic externality.
13. 13The Neoclassical PerspectiveThe neoclassical perspective argues that, in the long run, the economy will adjust back to its potential GDP level of output through flexible price levels.
14. 14Money and BankingM2 includes all of M1, plus savings deposits, time deposits like certificates of deposit, and money market funds
15. 15Monetary Policy and Bank RegulationA bank run occurs when there are rumors (possibly true, possibly false) that a bank is at financial risk of having negative net worth.
16. 16Exchange Rates and International Capital FlowsIn the foreign exchange market, people and firms exchange one currency to purchase another currency.
17. 17Government Budgets and Fiscal PolicyWhen a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it is said to have a budget deficit.
18. 18The Impacts of Government BorrowingThe theory of Ricardian equivalence holds that changes in private saving will offset changes in government borrowing or saving.
19. 19Macroeconomic Policy Around the WorldMacroeconomic policy goals for most countries strive toward low levels of unemployment and inflation, as well as stable trade balances.
20. 20International TradeA country has an absolute advantage in those products in which it has a productivity edge over other countries; it can produce more of a product.
21. 21Globalization and ProtectionismThere are three tools for restricting the flow of trade: tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers.

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One lesson for each chapter of Principles of Management, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

1. 1Managing and PerformingVirtually every study of managers in action has found that they “switch frequently from task to task, changing their focus of attention to respond to issues as they arise, and engaging in a large volume of tasks of…
2. 2Managerial Decision-MakingStakeholders are all the individuals or groups that are affected by an organization (such as customers, employees, shareholders, etc.)
3. 3The History of ManagementTable 3.1 traces the development of management thought from the ancient world until the 19th century’s Industrial Revolution
4. 4External and Internal Organizational Environments and Corporate CultureTo succeed and thrive, organizations must adapt, exploit, and fit with the forces in their external environments.
5. 5Ethics, Corporate Responsibility, and SustainabilityEthics and business ethics continue to gain influence in corporations, universities, and colleges nationally and internationally.
6. 6International ManagementInternational management is a critical area for any serious student of management because of globalization , the worldwide phenomenon whereby the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected and where trade…
7. 7EntrepreneurshipBrothers Fernando and Santiago Aguerre exhibited entrepreneurial tendencies at an early age.
8. 8Strategic Analysis: Understanding a Firm’s Competitive EnvironmentStrategic analysis is the process that firms use to study and understand the many different layers and aspects of their competitive environment.
9. 9The Strategic Management Process: Achieving and Sustaining Competitive AdvantageWhile it is useful to discuss the strategic management process in a stepwise fashion, it’s important to point out that the cycle occurs such that everything is being done at once
10. 10Organizational Structure and ChangeSecond, organizational design is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives
11. 11Human Resource ManagementThese are tools that may be used in talent development
12. 12Diversity in OrganizationsThe term managing diversity is commonly used to refer to ways in which organizations seek to ensure that members of diverse groups are valued and treated fairly within organizations 2 in all areas including hiring…
13. 13LeadershipSome definitions consider leadership an act or behavior, such as initiating structure so group members know how to complete a task.
14. 14Work Motivation for PerformanceThis includes the goals (outcomes) the person is expected to achieve and the process by which the goals will be achieved.
15. 15Managing TeamsWhether you work in a manufacturing environment and utilize self-directed work teams, or if you work in the “ knowledge economy ” and derive benefits from collaboration within a team structure, you are harnessing the…
16. 16Managerial CommunicationUnderstand and describe the communication process
17. 17Organizational Planning and ControllingPlans have two basic components: outcome or goal statements and action statements.
18. 18Management of Technology and InnovationManagement of technology and innovation is critical to the organization.