Augustine and Santa Fe, the Spanish never found the fabled mountains of gold they sought. They did find many native people to convert to Catholicism, but their zeal nearly cost them the colony of Santa Fe, which they lost for twelve years after the Pueblo Revolt.

In truth, the grand dreams of wealth, conversion, and a social order based on Spanish control never came to pass as Spain envisioned them The French and Dutch established colonies in the northeastern part of North America: the Dutch in present-day New York, and the French in present-day Canada.

indenture — a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years. Jesuits — members of the Society of Jesus, an elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism. Middle Passage — the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of ships carrying captured Africans from the African coast to the New World. patroonships — large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization.