Depressive disorders, a category of mood disorders, are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and various physical and cognitive symptoms that cause significant… The etiology of mood disorders involves genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

Managing mood disorders typically involves a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. Early detection and appropriate management are critical to improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with mood disorders (Sekhon & Gupta, 2020)

mood disorder — disturbances in a person’s emotional state that are intense, long-lasting, and not necessarily tied to any specific event or situation. depressive disorders — mental health conditions characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities, and difficulties in carrying out daily activities. manic elation — symptom of a manic episode, as seen in bipolar I disorder, that is more severe and disruptive than hypomanic elation. nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) — (also, self-harm ) behavior involving deliberate self-inflicted harm that is not intended to result in suicide.