Temporary declines in bone density occur during lactation, and progressive declines occur as part of the hormonal changes related to menopause Bisphosphonates are a class of medications used to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions

Clients who are pregnant should consume the recommended daily amounts of calcium and vitamin D to support fetal skeletal development Infants who are breastfed should receive 400 IU vitamin D daily to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and promote healthy skeletal growth

menopause — a shift in hormones in a middle adult woman’s life that results in physiologic changes, including cessation of the menstrual cycle. bisphosphonates — medications commonly used to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions. fluoride — an important mineral for bone health; it stimulates new bone formation and inhibits the formation and progression of cavities. FRAX assessment — a standardized assessment used to estimate a person’s risk for a bone fracture within 10 years.