The cells of the brain are produced from neural stem cells that occupy the neural tube and differentiate into neurons and glia. Brain segmentation is controlled at the level of gene expression and can be subject to disease through both abnormal gene expression and environmental exposures.

Some of these cells, such as glutamatergic cortical neurons, produce a layered structure using an inside-out pattern. These mechanisms produce a fundamental unit that will have tremendous plasticity to sense and respond to the environment during both subsequent prenatal and postnatal development

cells of the brain — produced from neural stem cells that occupy the neural tube and differentiate into neurons and glia.