By 1204, Temujin was the unchallenged ruler of the People of the Felt Walls The Song dynasty revived and strengthened Confucian civilization in the areas it ruled.

Technology improved agricultural yields and laid the groundwork for a type of industrial revolution to occur long before the one that took place in the Western world. The emphasis on Confucius’s pacifist vision led to a neglect of the military, however, at a time when China’s neighbors were becoming more organized and powerful.

People of the Felt Walls — Temujin’s name for his ethnically and linguistically diverse followers. Magna Carta — an English document that reiterated existing rights of vassals, confirmed the papal position that the church is above the state, and spelled out some basic rights of commoners. Constitutions of Melfi — the oldest surviving written constitution in the world, which increased the power of the monarch of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by replacing vassals and church officials with…. Inquisition — a centuries-long effort by the church to impose religious homogeneity on Western Europe through torture and execution, if necessary.