The two processes of ATP regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the process of chemiosmosis When ATP is used in a reaction, the third phosphate is temporarily attached to a substrate in a process called phosphorylation.

The structure of ATP is that of an RNA nucleotide with three phosphates attached. As ATP is used for energy, a phosphate group or two are detached, and either ADP or AMP is produced.

chemiosmosis — process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane. phosphate group or two — detached, and either ADP or AMP is produced. substrate-level phosphorylation — production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant. phosphorylation — addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP.