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Contents - Lessons & Practice

Science

Biology for AP® Courses

OpenStax book

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Biology for AP® Courses

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Questions from the 38 chapters of Biology for AP® Courses. Each item asks for a term, a definition, or a claim the chapter itself states.

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OpenStax

Biology for AP® Courses

38 lessons

One lesson for each chapter of Biology for AP® Courses, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

  1. 1The Study of LifeThe main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge.
  2. 2The Chemical Foundation of LifeAtoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
  3. 3Biological MacromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules—large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.
  4. 4Cell StructureAll prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA that is not membrane-bound.
  5. 5Structure and Function of Plasma MembranesThe modern understanding of the plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model.
  6. 6MetabolismGlucose synthesis and glucose breakdown are examples of anabolic and catabolic pathways, respectively
  7. 7Cellular RespirationThe two processes of ATP regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the process of chemiosmosis
  8. 8PhotosynthesisOnly certain organisms, called photoautotrophs, can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that absorbs certain portions of the visible spectrum and can capture energy…
  9. 9Cell CommunicationSignaling cells secrete ligands that bind to target cells and initiate a chain of events within the target cell.
  10. 10Cell ReproductionHuman gametes have 23 chromosomes representing one complete set of chromosomes; a set of chromosomes is complete with either one of the sex chromosomes.
  11. 11Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionDuring meiosis, variation in the daughter nuclei is introduced because of crossover in prophase I and random alignment of tetrads at metaphase I.
  12. 12Mendel's Experiments and HeredityWhen the offspring in Mendel’s experiment were self-crossed, the F 2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully…
  13. 13Modern Understandings of InheritanceDisorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable.
  14. 14DNA Structure and FunctionAvery, MacLeod, and McCarty proved that DNA is required for the transformation of bacteria.
  15. 15Genes and ProteinsThe genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three nonsense codons.
  16. 16Gene RegulationEukaryotic organisms express a subset of the DNA that is encoded in any given cell.
  17. 17Biotechnology and GenomicsGenetic testing is performed to identify disease-causing genes, and gene therapy is used to cure an inheritable disease
  18. 18Evolution and Origin of SpeciesEvolution is the process of adaptation through mutation which allows more desirable characteristics to be passed to the next generation.
  19. 19The Evolution of PopulationsThe modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the cohesion of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity, along with the more modern study of population genetics.
  20. 20Phylogenies and the History of LifeHistorically, organisms were organized into a taxonomic classification system.
  21. 21VirusesViruses consist of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid with or without an outer lipid envelope.
  22. 22Prokaryotes: Bacteria and ArchaeaDuring the first 2 billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live.
  23. 23Plant Form and PhysiologyA plant is composed of two main types of tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
  24. 24The Animal Body: Basic Form and FunctionThe four primary tissues are epithelia, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissues
  25. 25Animal Nutrition and the Digestive SystemRuminants that consume large amounts of plant material have a multi-chambered stomach that digests roughage.
  26. 26The Nervous SystemThe nervous system is made up of neurons and glia.
  27. 27Sensory SystemsA sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor.
  28. 28The Endocrine SystemHormones can affect cells directly through intracellular hormone receptors or indirectly through plasma membrane hormone receptors
  29. 29The Musculoskeletal SystemThe axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage.
  30. 30The Respiratory SystemThe respiratory bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
  31. 31The Circulatory SystemCirculatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid).
  32. 32Osmotic Regulation and ExcretionIt is the number of solute molecules and not the molecular size that is important in osmosis.
  33. 33The Immune SystemUsing a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a…
  34. 34Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentAsexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, and fragmentation.
  35. 35Ecology and the BiosphereBiogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution.
  36. 36Population and Community EcologyEcologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio.
  37. 37EcosystemsAnalytical models are used to describe linear food chains, and simulation models work best with holistic food webs
  38. 38Conservation Biology and BiodiversityThese measurements include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity.