In the gymnosperms, which appeared during the drier Permian period and became the dominant group during the Triassic, pollen was dispersed by wind, and their naked seeds developed in the sporophylls of a strobilus. Angiosperms bear both flowers and fruit.

Seed plants appeared about 350 million years ago, during the Carboniferous period. Two major innovations were seeds and pollen.

seed — structure containing the embryo, storage tissue, and protective coat. flower — underline branches end underline specialized for reproduction found in some seed-bearing plants, containing either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs. strobilus — plant structure with a tight arrangement of sporophylls around a central stalk, as seen in cones or flowers; the male strobilus produces pollen, and the female strobilus produces…. fruit — thickened tissue derived from ovary wall that protects the embryo after fertilization and facilitates seed dispersal.