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Contents - Lessons & Practice

Science

Biology 2e

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Biology 2e

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Biology 2e

47 lessons

One lesson for each chapter of Biology 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

  1. 1The Study of LifeThe main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge.
  2. 2The Chemical Foundation of LifeAtoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
  3. 3Biological MacromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules—large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.
  4. 4Cell StructureAll prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA that is not membrane-bound.
  5. 5Structure and Function of Plasma MembranesModern scientists refer to the plasma membrane as the fluid mosaic model.
  6. 6MetabolismGlucose synthesis and glucose breakdown are examples of anabolic and catabolic pathways, respectively
  7. 7Cellular RespirationThe two processes of ATP regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the process of chemiosmosis
  8. 8PhotosynthesisOnly certain organisms (photoautotrophs), can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that absorbs certain wavelengths of the visible spectrum and can capture energy from…
  9. 9Cell CommunicationSignaling cells secrete ligands that bind to target cells and initiate a chain of events within the target cell.
  10. 10Cell ReproductionHuman gametes have 23 chromosomes, or one complete set of chromosomes; a set of chromosomes is complete with either one of the sex chromosomes, X or Y.
  11. 11Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionIn most organisms, fertilization occurs between two haploid cells, the larger being called “female” or “egg” and the smaller being called “male” or “sperm." In most animals, meiosis is used to produce haploid eggs and…
  12. 12Mendel's Experiments and HeredityWhen the offspring in Mendel’s experiment were self-crossed, the F 2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully…
  13. 13Modern Understandings of InheritanceDisorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable.
  14. 14DNA Structure and FunctionAvery, MacLeod, and McCarty showed that DNA is required for the transformation of bacteria.
  15. 15Genes and ProteinsThe genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three nonsense codons.
  16. 16Gene ExpressionGene expression in prokaryotes is mostly regulated at the transcriptional level (some epigenetic and post-translational regulation is also present), whereas in eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated at the…
  17. 17Biotechnology and GenomicsMedical professionals perform genetic testing to identify disease-causing genes, and use gene therapy to cure an inheritable disease
  18. 18Evolution and the Origin of SpeciesEvolution is the process of adaptation through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift which allows more desirable characteristics to pass to the next generation.
  19. 19The Evolution of PopulationsThe modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the cohesion of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity, along with the more modern study of population genetics.
  20. 20Phylogenies and the History of LifeHistorically, scientists organized organisms into a taxonomic classification system.
  21. 21VirusesViruses consist of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid with or without an outer lipid envelope.
  22. 22Prokaryotes: Bacteria and ArchaeaDuring the first two billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live.
  23. 23ProtistsThe oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old.
  24. 24FungiFungi can be unicellular as yeasts, or develop a network of filaments called a mycelium, which is often described as mold.
  25. 25Seedless PlantsCharophytes form sporopollenin and precursors of lignin, phragmoplasts, and have flagellated sperm.
  26. 26Seed PlantsIn the gymnosperms, which appeared during the drier Permian period and became the dominant group during the Triassic, pollen was dispersed by wind, and their naked seeds developed in the sporophylls of a strobilus.
  27. 27Introduction to Animal DiversityA class of transcriptional control genes called Hox genes directs the organization of the major animal body plans, and these genes are strongly homologous across the animal kingdom
  28. 28InvertebratesThe mouth is surrounded by tentacles that contain large numbers of cnidocytes—specialized cells bearing nematocysts used for stinging and capturing prey as well as discouraging predators.
  29. 29VertebratesChordata contains two clades of invertebrates: Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets), together with the vertebrates in the Vertebrata/Craniata.
  30. 30Plant Form and PhysiologyA plant is composed of two main types of tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
  31. 31Soil and Plant NutritionInorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution.
  32. 32Plant ReproductionAll complete flowers contain four whorls: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
  33. 33The Animal Body: Basic Form and FunctionThe four primary tissues are epithelia, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissues
  34. 34Animal Nutrition and the Digestive SystemRuminants that consume large amounts of plant material have a multi-chambered stomach that digests roughage.
  35. 35The Nervous SystemThe nervous system is made up of neurons and glia.
  36. 36Sensory SystemsA sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor.
  37. 37The Endocrine SystemHormones can affect cells directly through intracellular hormone receptors or indirectly through plasma membrane hormone receptors
  38. 38The Musculoskeletal SystemThe axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage.
  39. 39The Respiratory SystemThe respiratory bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
  40. 40The Circulatory SystemCirculatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid).
  41. 41Osmotic Regulation and ExcretionIt is the number of solute molecules and not the molecular size that is important in osmosis.
  42. 42The Immune SystemUsing a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a…
  43. 43Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentAsexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, and fragmentation.
  44. 44Ecology and the BiosphereBiogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things as well as the abiotic factors that affect their distribution.
  45. 45Population and Community EcologyEcologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio.
  46. 46EcosystemsAnalytical models are used to describe linear food chains, and simulation models work best with holistic food webs
  47. 47Conservation Biology and BiodiversityThese measurements include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity.