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Contents - Lessons & Practice

Science

Anatomy and Physiology 2e

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Anatomy and Physiology 2e

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Anatomy and Physiology 2e

28 lessons

One lesson for each chapter of Anatomy and Physiology 2e, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

  1. 1An Introduction to the Human BodyHuman anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures.
  2. 2The Chemical Level of OrganizationAn object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same.
  3. 3The Cellular Level of OrganizationThe phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic—or “water loving.” A hydrophilic molecule (or region of a molecule) is one that is attracted to water.
  4. 4The Tissue Level of OrganizationThe term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body.
  5. 5The Integumentary SystemThe epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.
  6. 6Bone Tissue and the Skeletal SystemThe skeletal system is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following critical functions for the human body
  7. 7Axial SkeletonThe lower portion of the skeleton is specialized for stability during walking or running.
  8. 8The Appendicular SkeletonThis consists of two bones, the scapula and clavicle ( Figure 8.3 ).
  9. 9JointsA joint , also called an articulation , is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate with each other) to form a connection.
  10. 10Muscle TissueThis occurs in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) after specific binding sites on the actin have been exposed in response to the interaction between calcium ions (Ca ++ ) and proteins (troponin and tropomyosin)…
  11. 11The Muscular SystemTo lift a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is actually the prime mover; however, because it can be assisted by the brachialis, the brachialis is called a synergist in this action ( Figure 11.2 ).
  12. 12The Nervous System and Nervous TissueThe central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is everything else ( Figure 12.2 ).
  13. 13Anatomy of the Nervous SystemMany structures that appear to be adjacent in the adult brain are not connected, and the connections that exist may seem arbitrary.
  14. 14The Somatic Nervous SystemDescribing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction.
  15. 15The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division .
  16. 16The Neurological ExamThe first of these is the mental status exam , which assesses the higher cognitive functions such as memory, orientation, and language.
  17. 17The Endocrine SystemIn the human body, two major organ systems participate in relatively “long distance” communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
  18. 18The Cardiovascular System: BloodThe cellular elements—referred to as the formed elements —include red blood cells (RBCs) , white blood cells (WBCs) , and cell fragments called platelets .
  19. 19The Cardiovascular System: The HeartRelate the structure of the heart to its function as a pump
  20. 20The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and CirculationEventually, the smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels that exit capillaries to form venules…
  21. 21The Lymphatic and Immune SystemThe lymphatic system, for most people, is associated with the immune system to such a degree that the two systems are virtually indistinguishable.
  22. 22The Respiratory SystemFunctionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone.
  23. 23The Digestive SystemThe function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body.
  24. 24Metabolism and NutritionIf the net energy change is positive (catabolic reactions release more energy than the anabolic reactions use), then the body stores the excess energy by building fat molecules for long-term storage.
  25. 25The Urinary SystemThe glomerulus is the first part of the nephron, which then continues as a highly specialized tubular structure responsible for creating the final urine composition.
  26. 26Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base BalanceThe dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes.
  27. 27The Reproductive SystemAt fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an ovum.
  28. 28Development and InheritanceFertilization occurs when a sperm and an oocyte (egg) combine and their nuclei fuse.