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Organic Chemistry: A Tenth Edition

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Organic Chemistry: A Tenth Edition

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Organic Chemistry: A Tenth Edition

31 lessons

One lesson for each chapter of Organic Chemistry: A Tenth Edition, in the book’s order. The lesson teaches what that chapter says you need to know, then checks it.

  1. 1Structure and BondingThe purpose of this chapter has been to get you up to speed—to review some ideas about atoms, bonds, and molecular geometry.
  2. 2Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and BasesA carbon-oxygen bond is polar, for example, because oxygen attracts the shared electrons more strongly than carbon does.
  3. 3Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their StereochemistryA functional group is a group of atoms within a larger molecule that has a characteristic chemical reactivity.
  4. 4Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their StereochemistryCyclic molecules are so commonly encountered throughout organic and biological chemistry that it’s important to understand the consequences of their cyclic structures.
  5. 5Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral CentersAn object or molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image is said to be chiral , meaning “handed.” A chiral molecule is one that does not have a plane of symmetry cutting through it so that one half is a…
  6. 6An Overview of Organic ReactionsA bond is formed in a polar reaction when the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the electrophile.
  7. 7Alkenes: Structure and ReactivityIn this chapter, we’ve looked at some consequences of alkene stereoisomerism and at the details of the broadest class of alkene reactions—the electrophilic addition reaction
  8. 8Alkenes: Reactions and SynthesisThe converse of this elimination reaction is the addition of various substances to the alkene double bond to give saturated products
  9. 9Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic SynthesisThe real importance of this chapter is that alkyne chemistry is a useful vehicle for looking at the general strategies used in organic synthesis—the construction of complex molecules in the laboratory
  10. 10OrganohalidesAlkyl halides are not often found in terrestrial organisms, but the kinds of reactions they undergo are among the most important and well-studied reaction types in organic chemistry.
  11. 11Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and EliminationsThe reaction of an alkyl halide or tosylate with a nucleophile/base results either in substitution or in elimination.
  12. 12Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared SpectroscopyThe structure of an organic molecule is usually determined using spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy.
  13. 13Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyThe exact position of each peak is called the chemical shift .
  14. 14Conjugated Compounds and Ultraviolet SpectroscopyA conjugated diene or other compound is one that contains alternating double and single bonds.
  15. 15Benzene and AromaticityThe word aromatic is used for historical reasons to refer to the class of compounds related structurally to benzene.
  16. 16Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionWe’ve continued the coverage of aromatic molecules in this chapter, shifting focus to concentrate on reactions.
  17. 17Alcohols and PhenolsIn previous chapters, we focused on developing general ideas of organic reactivity, looking at the chemistry of hydrocarbons and alkyl halides and seeing some of the tools used in structural studies.
  18. 18Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and SulfidesEthers are compounds that have two organic groups bonded to the same oxygen atom, ROR′.
  19. 19Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition ReactionsThe nucleophilic addition reaction is the most common general reaction type for aldehydes and ketones.
  20. 20Carboxylic Acids and NitrilesLike aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is sp 2 -hybridized; like alcohols, carboxylic acids are associated through hydrogen-bonding and therefore have high boiling points
  21. 21Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution ReactionsAcid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides are the most common such derivatives in the laboratory; thioesters and acyl phosphates are common in biological molecules
  22. 22Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution ReactionsAn example is the α halogenation of ketones on treatment with Cl 2 , Br 2 , or I 2 in acid solution.
  23. 23Carbonyl Condensation ReactionsThe aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation that occurs between two aldehyde or ketone molecules.
  24. 24Amines and HeterocyclesThe chemistry of amines is dominated by the lone-pair electrons on nitrogen, which makes amines both basic and nucleophilic.
  25. 25Biomolecules: CarbohydratesNow that we’ve now seen all the common functional groups and reaction types, our focus has changed to looking at the major classes of biological molecules.
  26. 26Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and ProteinsProteins and peptides are large biomolecules made of α -amino acid residues linked together by amide, or peptide, bonds.
  27. 27Biomolecules: LipidsLipids are the naturally occurring materials isolated from plants and animals by extraction with a nonpolar organic solvent.
  28. 28Biomolecules: Nucleic AcidsEnzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleic acids yields nucleotides , the monomer units from which RNA and DNA are constructed.
  29. 29The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic PathwaysAlthough the details of specific biochemical pathways are sometimes complex, all the reactions that occur follow the normal rules of organic chemical reactivity
  30. 30Orbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic ReactionsThe stereochemistry of these reactions is controlled by the symmetry of the orbitals involved in bond reorganization
  31. 31Synthetic PolymersSynthetic polymers can be classified as either chain-growth or step-growth.